Objective From the perspective of soil phosphorus (P) bioavailability in dryland soils, this study evaluated the effects of different P application rates and methods on soil P bioavailability and winter wheat P uptake and utilization, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing P fertilization modes to enhance yield and P-use efficiency on the Loess Plateau. Methods Using the wheat variety "Changhan 58" as the test material, a two-factor experiment was implemented. The experiment included three P (P2O5) application rates, 0 (P0), 60 (P60) and 120 kg/hm2 (P120), and two application methods, broadcast application (S) and strip application (T). The study investigated the effects of P application rate and method on soil P fractions, winter wheat yield, biomass, P uptake, and P-use efficiency. The impact of changes in soil P bioavailability on yield formation and P-fertilizer efficiency was analyzed. Results Under both application methods, winter wheat yield, biomass, and P uptake significantly increased with increasing P application rate. Under the broadcast method, the P120 treatment significantly increased the yield, biomass, and P uptake by 22.69%, 29.57% and 157.06%, respectively, compared to P0; these increases were 15.56%, 14.92% and 31.84%, respectively, compared to the P60 treatment. Similarly, under the strip application method, P120 significantly increased the yield, biomass, and P uptake by 38.77%, 43.57% and 133.54%, respectively, compared to P0; these increases were 17.98%, 23.67% and 34.26%, respectively, compared to P60. At different P application rates, strip application improved the yield, P-fertilizer partial productivity and agronomic efficiency, compared to the broadcast application method; under P120, these increases were 13.11%, 13.24% and 128.71%, respectively, with significant differences. Phosphorus application significantly increased soil total P (TP), available P (AP), hydrochloric acid-extractable P (HCl-P), enzyme-extractable P (Enzyme-P), calcium chloride-extractable P (CaCl2-P), and microbial biomass P (MBP)contents; compared to the broadcast application, the strip application significantly increased Enzyme-P and MBP contents, which were the highest under P120. The distribution of AP in the soil under strip application better matched the root growth pattern of winter wheat. Correlation analysis revealed that winter wheat yield was significantly positively correlated with AP and strongly positively correlated with TP, MBP, HCl-P, and Enzyme-P. Conclusion Phosphorus fertilization significantly increases soil P content and availability. Strip application improves the distribution of available P, facilitating nutrient uptake by winter wheat and increasing yield, P uptake, and P-use efficiency. The application of 120 kg/hm2 via strip application is a more effective mode for achieving high yield and agronomic P efficiency.
肥料撒施是常用的施磷方式。已有研究[13-14]表明,对于肥料移动性差且易固定的磷肥,这种施用方式导致磷肥在土壤中分散,使得植物根系难以充分利用,限制其生物有效性,肥料利用率和经济效益较低。采用条施这种局部集中施用方式,可通过有针对性地将肥料施加在植物根系生长区域,增加磷肥在植物根际区域的浓度,提高磷的有效利用[15-16],进而提高作物产量和品质[17-18]。除通过根系直接吸收外,微生物也是土壤磷循环的重要组成部分,微生物与根系既相互共生,又相互竞争,介导植物对磷的吸收利用[19-21]。前人对于磷素效率的研究主要集中于作物产量、作物磷素的吸收转运及土壤中有效磷质量分数之间关系的研究,作物与土壤构成一个动态体系,缺少从生物有效性的角度看待作物对于土壤磷的吸收利用。DELUCA等[22]根据生物学利用难易程度提出基于磷素生物有效性的新型磷分级方法(biologically based phosphorus, BBP),此方法可模拟根系与微生物对土壤磷素的作用,不同磷组分可以较全面地反映土壤中磷的生物有效性,以及磷素的生物学利用难易程度。
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