1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
2.National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem in Jixian County,Shanxi Province,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
Objective This study aims to scientifically evaluate the spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of water conservation function in the Southwest Alpine-Gorge Region (SAGR) and provide a scientific basis for regional water resource management and ecological protection. Methods An index system method and the InVEST model were employed to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations and analyze the driving factors of water conservation capacity in the SAGR from 1990 to 2020. Results 1) The spatial distribution patterns of water conservation evaluated by the index system method and the InVEST model method were generally consistent, and a significant positive correlation was observed between the water conservation index and water conservation volume (p<0.001), indicating that the two methods could validate each other. 2) From 1990 to 2020, the water conservation volume in the SAGR showed an overall slight decreasing trend, with a change rate of -41.24 mm/(30 a) (p=0.071), mainly affected by decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration. 3) The water conservation in the SAGR showed a pattern of "higher in the south, lower in the north". The southeastern Xizang region, characterized by abundant precipitation and high vegetation coverage, had a relatively strong water conservation capacity, while the northern mountainous areas of Sichuan, with scarce precipitation and steep terrain, exhibited a relatively weak water conservation capacity. Conclusion The findings reveal the spatiotemporal variation patterns and driving factors of water conservation capacity in the SAGR, providing scientific support for tool selection, model optimization, and regional ecosystem management.
式中:Yx 为x栅格单元的产水量,mm;AET x 为栅格单元x的年平均蒸散量,mm;Px 为栅格单元x的年平均降水量,mm。
式中:AET x 为j类土地利用类型x的年实际蒸散量,mm;Px 为每个栅格单元x上的年降水量,mm;Rxj 为第j土地利用类型栅格x的Budyko干燥指数,无量纲;AWC x /Px 表示植被有效含水量与年平均降水量的比值。
式中:AWC x 为栅格单元x上单位体积植物所含的水量,mm,由土层深度和理化性质决定;Z为经验参数,又称“季节常数”,取值1~30。Soil_depth为土层深度;root_depth为根系深度;PAWC为植物可利用水,基于土壤质地和土壤有机质建立的非线性拟合模型,取值0~1,采用ZHOU等[21]提出的计算方法。
LIUX D, ZHANGW Q, FENGY J, et al. Research on water conservation function of forest ecosystem: Progress and prospect[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2022,41(4):784-791.
[3]
WANGY F, YEA Z, PENGD Z, et al. Spatiotemporal variations in water conservation function of the Tibetan Plateau under climate change based on InVEST model[J].Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies,2022,41:e101064.
[4]
YANGC, ZENGW, YANGX. Coupling coordination evaluation and sustainable development pattern of geo-ecological environment and urbanization in Chongqing municipality, China[J].Sustainable Cities and Society,2020,61:e102271.
DUJ Q, SHUJ M, XIONGS S. Evaluation of climate,vegetation change and water conservation function in the source region of the Yellow River[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[7]
LÜL T, RENT T, SUNC Z, et al. Spatial and temporal changes of water supply and water conservation function in Sanjiangyuan National Park from 1980 to 2016[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2020,40(3):993-1003.
[8]
YIC L, ZHAOX Y, FENGY J, et al. Regional climax forest has a better water conservation function than pine plantation:A comparative study in humid subtropical China[J].Catena,2024,239:e107935.
ZHOUY N, GUANY H, LINY C, et al. Spatial and temporal variation of water yield and water retention function in Xiaoluan River basin based on InVEST model[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,22(5):72-82.
LIUY Y, LIUX Y, ZHANGB, et al. Spatial features analysis of water conservation function in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau based on InVEST model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2020,40(17):6161-6170.
[13]
LÜKEA N, HACKJ. Comparing the applicability of commonly used hydrological ecosystem services models for integrated decision-support[J].Sustainability,2018,10(2):e346.
LIX P, WANGC P, ZOUS B, et al. Evaluation on ecological resilience in water conservation area in the upper Yellow River based on AHP: A case study of the Gannan and Linxia region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2022,42(6):85-93.
PANGZ L, CHANGH J, LIY Y, et al. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation of water quality in Danjiangkou reservoir-source of the middle line project to transfer water from south to north, China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1810-1819.
CHENGC, CAIY Z, ZHAOL J, et al. Establishing near-naturalness evaluation system of artificial forest based on water conservation ability in the outer edge of Qilian Mountains in Qinghai Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2024,44(7):2971-2980.
WANGH Y, SONGJ X, WUQ. Comprehensive evaluation of water source conservation function in the Bahe River basin at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains based on SWAT model[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2023,30(6):307-315.
ZHANGJ X, LIUX, WANGC C, et al. Construction of water conservation capacity evaluation index system based on spatial heterogeneity in Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2022,36(6):290-297.
ZHENGX L, CHENL H, LIH Y, et al. Health assessment of Liaodong shelterbelt system based on water conservation[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2020,18(2):102-110.
LIUX Q, TANGW P, CUIH X. A comprehensive evaluation of water conservation capacity of main vegetation types in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2009,33(1):59-63.
BAIY, CHUD, TIANL, et al. Assessing the importance of water conservation function in Wuhan City circle[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2014,16(2):233-241.
WANGZ X, HEK N. Comprehensive assessment of water conservation capacity in different forest stands in the eastern Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2024,44(17):7662-7672.
[32]
JIANGS S, CHENX, SMETTEMK, et al. Climate and land use influences on changing spatiotemporal patterns of mountain vegetation cover in southwest China[J].Ecological Indicators,2021,121:e107193.
YANGX W, LIUX H, YEP P, et al. Spatio-temporal variation analysis of water resources carrying capacity in the Yellow River basin (Gansu section) in collaboration with entropy weight method and TOPSIS model[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2024(10):18-24.
[35]
ZHOUW Z, LIUG H, PANJ J, et al. Distribution of available soil water capacity in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2005,15(1):3-12.
ZHOUS W, SONGY, LIY H, et al. Spatial distribution of summer graded precipitation and its difference in drought and flood years over the east of northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2016,39(6):1162-1171.
GONGS H, XIAOY, ZHENGH, et al. Spatial patterns of ecosystem water conservation in China and its impact factors analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2455-2462.
[40]
XUM Z, XUG C, LIUS B, et al. Changes in water conservation and a new estimation for its future potential[J].Catena,2025,250:e108761.
LIUY P, WANGG X, HUZ Y, et al. Litter storage and water-holding capacity of typical forests in mountainous area of southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2022,33(8):2113-2120.
XIANGQ, FANJ H, YANGZ Y. Spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation from 1991 to 2020 in Xizang, China[J].Pratacultural Science,2024,41(11):2495-2507.
WANGM Y, QIS, GUOY R, et al. Driving mechanism of water yield in the ecological and water conservation zone of east Xizang and west Sichuan Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2024,44(21):9520-9534.
[47]
LUF, HUH F, SUNW J, et al. Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115(16):4039-4044.
[48]
YOUC M, WUF Z, YANGW Q, et al. The National Key Forestry Ecology Project has changed the zonal pattern of forest litter production in China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2017,399:37-46.
[49]
WELDEGEBRIELL, THOMPSONS, TILAHUNS, et al. Organization of the soil profile controls the risks of runoff in the humid Ethiopian Highlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2023,617:e129031.
LEIZ D, YANGS X, XUZ R, et al. Preliminary investigation of the spatial variability of soil properties[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1985,16(9):10-21.
[52]
魏强,张秋良.地表径流与土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2008(9):30-33.
[53]
WEIQ, ZHANGQ L. Research progress of surface runoff and soil erosion[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2008(9):30-33.
TAOJ Y, ZHANGJ H, GUOL J, et al. Spatiotemporal change and driving factors of water conservation in Sanjiangyuan National Park[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2025,45(3):1226-1238.
[56]
CHENG, ZUOD P, XUZ X, et al. Changes in water conservation and possible causes in the Yellow River basin of China during the recent four decades[J].Journal of Hydrology,2024,637:e131314.