Objective Based on the field experiment data from drip-irrigated cotton fields in northern Xinjiang, parameters for the RZWQM2 model with high suitability were obtained to explore the optimal nitrogen reduction and irrigation regimes for stable cotton production with reduced nitrogen.Methods The RZWQM2 model was calibrated using the measured data from the field experiment with three irrigation quotas (400, 444, 488 mm) and four nitrogen application levels (294, 336, 378, 420 kg/hm²). The calibrated RZWQM2 model was then used to simulate the yield, water use efficiency, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and nitrogen fate under the combinations of ten different irrigation quotas (320, 340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500 mm) and eight different nitrogen reduction levels (conventional nitrogen application and reductions of 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24%, 28%). The optimal water-nitrogen management regime was selected by a comprehensive evaluation method. Results The simulation accuracy was satisfactory for soil volumetric water content (RMSE 0.012-0.038 cm³/cm³), nitrate nitrogen content (RMSE 2.486-7.908 mg/kg), and yield (RMSE 167-406 kg/hm²). The simulation results showed that soil nitrogen mineralization tended to stabilize when the irrigation amount was ≤ 360 mm, while nitrogen losses (ammonia volatilization + denitrification + leaching) increased significantly when the irrigation amount exceeded 360 mm. Nitrogen reduction measures effectively decreased nitrogen losses but led to a decrease in yield. Conclusion Principal component analysis recommends an optimized scheme of 360 mm irrigation quota with 8%-12% nitrogen reduction (nitrogen application rate of 369.6-386.4 kg/hm²). This scheme can maintain stable yield (4 310-4 439 kg/hm²), while balancing water use efficiency [8.74-9.00 kg/(hm²·mm)] and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (11.50-11.65 kg/kg), significantly reducing nitrogen leaching. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for sustainable water-nitrogen management in drip-irrigated cotton fields in arid areas.
根区水质模型(root zone water quality model)是制定科学水肥管理措施,预测土壤水氮动态运移的重要工具,在农业水肥管理、环境影响评价等方面有着广泛的应用。该模型采用Brooks-Corey方程描述土壤水分特征曲线和导水率特征曲线[18];通过Green-Ampt方法模拟降雨、灌溉或融雪的入渗过程[19];利用Richards方程模拟土壤水分再分布[20];氮淋溶量由根区底部排水流量及孔隙水氮浓度决定。RZWQM2采用扩展的Shuttleworth-Wallace模型计算潜在蒸发蒸腾[21],并结合DSSAT-CROPGRO-cotton模块模拟棉花生长发育及水氮吸收利用。
XU W L, LIU H, ZHANG Y S, et al. Effects of fertilization depth, irrigation conditions, and ammonia volatilization monitoring methods on ammonia volatilization characteristics of nitrogen fertilizers[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,48(1):86-93.
YANG S L, ZHU A N, ZHANG J B, et al. Field ammonia volatilization losses and influencing factors under different nitrogen application rates and methods[J].Arid Zone Research,27(3):415-421.
FAN S S. Effects of water conditions on the abundance of nitrification and denitrification functional genes and N2O emissions in black soil[D].Dalian, Liaoning: Dalian Jiaotong University,2018.
BAI F F, QIAO D M, LI P, et al. Effects of nitrogen reduction on denitrifying bacterial community structure and diversity in wheat-maize rotation farmland soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,43(6):1338-1349.
MAYILAaT, FUQINAYIY, ASIYAT. College of economy and management impact factors of excessive household fertilization: A case study of cotton growing in Xinjiang, China[J].Cotton Science,2016,28(6):619-627.
XUY L, WUL, WUW J, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on wheat yield and runoff loss of nitrogen and application threshold of nitrogen fertilizer[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(2):246-251.
[7]
宋兴虎, TUFAILl Ahmed Wagan, BIANGKAM Souli⁃yanonh,等 . 氮肥用量及其后效对棉花产量和生物质累积动态的影响[J].棉花学报,2018,30(2):145-154.
[8]
SONG X H, TUFAILl A W, BIANGKAM S, et al.Nitrogen fertilizer and its residual effect on cotton yield and biomass accumulation[J]. Cotton Science,2018,30(2):145-154.
CAIH J, LIF Y, ZHAOZ X, et al. Meta-analysis of effects of nitrogen application on cotton yield and water use efficiency in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2023,54(12):316-326.
[11]
罗雪梅.减氮配施有机肥对土壤氮素有效性及棉花生长的影响[D].新疆 石河子:石河子大学,2023.
[12]
LUOX M. Effects of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer application on soil nitrogen availability and cotton growth[D].Shihezi, Xinjiang: Shihezi University,2023.
QIUY, CUIJ, YANGX Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen reduction combined with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen utilization and yield of cotton under drip irrigation[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2023,42(5):122-131.
[15]
SHAFTERM J, PIERCEF J. An user's guide to NTRM, a soil-crop simulation model for nitrogen, tillage, and crop-residue management[M]. London:Forgotten Books, 2018.
[16]
SHAFFERM J, HALVORSONA D, PIERCEF J.Nitrate leaching and economic analysis package (NLEAP):Model description and application[M]//Managing Nitrogen for Groundwater Quality and Farm Profitability.Madison,WI,USA:Soil Science Society of America,2015:285-322.
[17]
HANSONJ D, AHUJAL R, SHAFFERM D, et al. RZWQM: Simulating the effects of management on water quality and crop production[J]. Agricultural Systems,1998,57(2):161-195.
[18]
JONESJ W, HOOGENBOOMG, PORTERC H, et al. The DSSAT cropping system model[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2003,18(3/4):235-265.
[19]
HOOGENBOOMG, JONESJ W, WILKENSP W, et al. Decision support system for agrotechnology transfer version 4.0[Z].Honolulu: University of Hawaii,2004.
HAOC C. Study on water consumption patterns and irrigation system optimization of drip-irrigated cotton under mulch in the kashgar river irrigation district of southern Xinjiang[D].Shihezi, Xinjiang: Shihezi University, 2023.
HONGS Z. Study on the impact of different irrigation systems on water use efficiency of winter wheat based on RZWQM2 model[D]. Taian, Shandong: Shandong Agricultural University,2022.
WUC. Study on water and nitrogen distribution and growth characteristics of summer maize based on RZWQM2 model[D].Zhengzhou: North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, 2023.
[26]
PLÉNETD, MOLLIERA, PELLERINS. Growth analysis of maize field crops under phosphorus deficiency Ⅱ. Radiation-use efficiency, biomass accumulation and yield components[J].Plant and Soil,2000,224(2):259-272.
[27]
MADDONNIG A, OTEGUIM E, CIRILOA G. Plant population density, row spacing and hybrid effects on maize canopy architecture and light attenuation[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71(3):183-193.
[28]
BROOKSR H, COREYA T. Hydraulic properties of porous media[M].Colorado: Colorado State University,1964.
[29]
GREENW H, AMPTG. Studies on soil physics, 1. The flow of air and water through soils[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science,1911,4(1):1-24.
[30]
RICHARDSL A. Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1931,1(5):318-333.
[31]
SHUTTLEWORTHW J, WALLACEJ S. Evaporation from sparse crops: An energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1985,111(469):839-855.
[32]
JAMIESONP D, PORTERJ R, WILSOND R. A test of the computer simulation model ARCWHEAT1 on wheat crops grown in New Zealand[J].Field Crops Research,1991,27(4):337-350.
LIY, LIUH J, HUANGG H. Evaluation of water and nitrogen management for winter wheat-summer maize based on RZWQM Model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,46(6):111-120.
XUEueC L, ZHANGK Q, YANGD G, et al. Simulation of nitrogen transport and loss characteristics in wheat-maize rotation system by RZWQM[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(2):150-158.
XIAOY X, ZHANGH J, CENJ T, et al. Evaluation of simulation applicability of RZWQM2 model for silage maize in agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2023(7):20-27.
YAOJ S, LIUW J, MAK, et al. Simulation of soil water and nitrogen transport and leaching processes of spring maize in ningxia yellow river irrigation district based on RZWQM2 model [J].Agricultural Science Research, 2025,46(1):1-10.
[41]
李韵珠,李保国.土壤溶质运移[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:113-114.
[42]
LIY Z, LIB G. Soil solute transport[M].Beijing: Science Press,1998:113-114.
XIAW, LINT, CHUX S, et al. Simulation of the effects of plastic film mulching duration on water use efficiency and yield of cotton fields in southern Xinjiang using RZWQM2 model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 37(11):140-150.
[45]
张金波,宋长春.土壤氮素转化研究进展[J].吉林农业科学,2004(1):38-43.
[46]
ZHANGJ B, SONGC C. Research progress on soil nitrogen transformation[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2004(1):38-43.
WANGX J, WEIC Z, ZHANGJ, et al. Effects of irrigation methods and nitrogen application rates on nitrogen use efficiency and loss in cotton fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,23(10):2751-2758.
XUW L, LIUH, ZHANGY S, et al. In-situ monitoring of soil ammonia volatilization under different fertilizer ratios in grey desert soil area of Xinjiang[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4565-4571.
YANGS L, ZHUA N, ZHANGJ B, et al. Field ammonia volatilization losses and influencing factors under different nitrogen application rates and methods[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(3):415-421.
FANS S. Effects of water conditions on the abundance of nitrification and denitrification functional genes and N2O emissions in black soil[D].Dalian, Liaoning: Dalian Jiaotong University,2018.
BAIF F, QIAOD M, LIP, et al. Effects of nitrogen reduction on denitrifying bacterial community structure and diversity in wheat-maize rotation farmland soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,43(6):1338-1349.
WANGS J, WANGC X, ZHANGJ R, et al. Optimization of water and nitrogen regimes for drip-irrigated cotton under mulch in northern Xinjiang based on AquaCrop model under nitrogen reduction conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,38(3):314-324.