Objective To address the issues of severe soil erosion in rubber forests of Hainan Province and the insufficient effectiveness evaluation of conservation measures, this study systematically evaluates the ecological product characteristics and sustainability of different soil and water conservation measures using emergy analysis, aiming to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of measures. Methods Using 2-year observation results from seven runoff plots in Tunchang County, Hainan Province and rainfall data from 2001 to 2020, this study used emergy analysis to evaluate the emergy inputs and ecological service outputs (water conservation, soil retention, and fertility maintenance) of single measures (strip green manure cover, T1; water retention ditches, T2; contour terraces, T3) and combined measures (water retention ditches + strip green manure cover, T4; contour terraces + water retention ditches, T5; contour terraces + water retention ditches + strip green manure cover, T6) throughout their full life cycle. The emergy input-to-output ratio throughout the life cycle was quantified to reveal differences in ecological and economic effectiveness among these measures. Results Engineering measures (T2, T3) exhibited significantly higher ecological product outputs than vegetation measure (T1), with total emergy outputs of ecological products increasing by 57.16% and 122.91% compared to T1, respectively. Combined measures demonstrated superior ecological product outputs over single measures. Among them, the combined measure T6 (contour terraces + water retention ditches + strip green manure cover) achieved the highest total emergy output (1.51E+13 sej), surpassing the optimal single measure (T3) by 51.23%. However, T6 had the lowest emergy input-to-output ratio (3.96). Among single measures, water retention ditches (T2) achieved an input-to-output ratio of 16.38, demonstrating optimal cost-effectiveness. Conclusion Engineering measures (water retention ditches, T2) exhibit a "low-input and high-output" characteristic, making them suitable for large-scale application in rubber forest slopes in Hainan Province. For slopes with severe soil erosion, combined measures should be implemented to enhance ecosystem stability through the synergistic effects of diverse measures.
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