Objective Taking the Bashang Plateau-Ulanqab region as the study area, this study applies the Eagleson ecohydrological model to simulate the optimal vegetation cover under multi-year average climatic conditions, aiming to reveal the pattern of vegetation carrying capacity constrained by water availability. Methods MODIS NDVI data from 2000 to 2020 and daily meteorological data from NOAA were used to extract actual vegetation cover during the growing season and precipitation process parameters. The model was subsequently run and validated using China's high-resolution soil hydrological dataset. Results The optimal vegetation cover generally increased from west to east, which was largely consistent with the spatial pattern of the multi-year average actual cover, with a correlation coefficient of 0.747 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.118 9, demonstrating the model's applicability to this region. Regional analysis revealed that in the eastern region, actual vegetation cover generally exceeded the simulated values due to human interventions such as afforestation and irrigation. The central transitional zone exhibited a good fit, while the western arid zone was significantly constrained by water availability, resulting in overall low vegetation cover. Further analysis of hydrothermal factors revealed that precipitation was the dominant controlling factor, while air temperature affected the effective water availability by regulating evapotranspiration. Conclusion The findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for assessing regional ecological restoration potential, optimizing vegetation patterns, and regulating water resources.
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