Objective Extreme temperature and precipitation inhibit soil biological activity and crop growth, disrupt crop nitrogen uptake and utilization, and lead to farmland nitrogen surplus under conditions of continuous nitrogen application but impeded absorption, thereby threatening stable grain production and security. Understanding the dynamics of extreme climate and farmland nitrogen surplus, and analyzing their relationship, is crucial for optimizing farmland nitrogen management. Methods Based on meteorological data and yearbook statistics from 2010 to 2022 from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of extreme climate from the perspectives of temperature and precipitation using the climate tendency rate analysis and Mann-Kendall (MK) abrupt change test. Nitrogen budget estimation was employed to quantify nitrogen inputs, outputs, and surpluses, while the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model was used to explore the impact of extreme climate on farmland nitrogen surplus. Results 1) Among climate indices, the number of extreme high-temperature days exhibited an increasing trend, while the number of extreme low-temperature days, as well as the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation, showed decreasing trends. Spatially, extreme high temperatures were concentrated primarily in the southeastern region, extreme low temperatures were more common in the edge areas of Hubei Province, and extreme precipitation was more likely to occur in the eastern region. 2) Total farmland nitrogen inputs and outputs in the study area showed a declining trend from 2010 to 2022. Nitrogen inputs were mainly derived from synthetic fertilizer nitrogen (68.32%) and manure nitrogen (16.70%). In terms of farmland nitrogen surplus intensity, the study area showed a slow increasing trend. The average annual surplus intensity in Hunan and Hubei Provinces was relatively high, reaching 88.08 kg/hm2 and 131.76 kg/hm2, respectively, significantly exceeding China's average nitrogen load (62.8 kg/hm2). In contrast, Jiangxi Province had a lower surplus intensity. 3) Extreme high and low temperatures mainly exerted positive impacts on farmland nitrogen surplus in the southern region, with average correlation coefficients of 0.36 and 0.33, respectively, while negative impacts were more pronounced in Hubei Province. In contrast, extreme precipitation exerted relatively small overall impact. It showed a positive correlation in the eastern region where extreme precipitation was frequent, but a negative correlation in Hunan Province. Conclusion This study objectively analyzes extreme climate change and its impact on farmland nitrogen surplus, and the findings can provide recommendations for developing regionally differentiated nitrogen management strategies in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
LIUH, JIAOY, DOUW Y, et al. Compensation effect and mechanism of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on soil fertility and rice yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2024,55(9):391-401.
LIANGL, ZHANGJ L, WANGF Y. Research on nitrogen load on farmland ecosystem in main district in Liaoning Province[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2013,34(2):62-68.
HUC S, ZHANGY M, QINS P, et al. Nitrogen processes and related environmental effects on agro-ecosystem in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(10):1501-1514.
[7]
SUNY M, GAOL M, MENGX S, et al.Large-scale exploration of nitrogen utilization efficiency in Asia region for rice crop:Variation patterns and determinants[J].Global Change Biology,2023,29(18):5367-5378.
[8]
BALLARDT C, SINHAE, MICHALAKA M. Long-term changes in precipitation and temperature have already impacted nitrogen loading[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2019,53(9):5080-5090.
[9]
KIKSTRAJ S, NICHOLLSZ R J, SMITHC J, et al. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate assessment of mitigation pathways:From emissions to global temperatures[J].Geoscientific Model Development,2022,15(24):9075-9109.
DENGM H, XIEY X, XIONGZ Q, et al. Nitrogen budgets of the Yangtse delta region and their effect on the environment[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(10):1709-1716.
ZHAOB, LUZ Y, LIF, et al. Analysis of nitrogen balance and potential pollution of main crops in the Hetao Irrigation area of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2023,42(6):1347-1354.
MENGY F, CHENF J, ZENGZ. Nitrogen budget evolution in Zhanjiang municipal district and its environmental effect during 2002—2013[J].Tropical Geography,2015,35(5):777-784.
MENGX H, SHENG Y. Analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus balance in farmland and planting-breeding combination in Jianghuai ecological economic zone:Taking Huai'an City of Jiangsu Province as an example[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(23):313-317.
[18]
SHENW Z, HEJ, LIS S, et al. Opportunity and shift of nitrogen use in China[J].Geography and Sustainability,2024,5(1):33-40.
CAOD, YIX, CHENX B, et al. Water requirement of non-staple crops in the Yellow River Delta based on climate change[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2022,53(4):795-804.
ZHANGY S, HEL, ZHANGY Y, et al. Effects of meteorological factors in different ecoregions on yield-related traits of peanut production[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2024,46(3):676-686.
LUY L, LIG, YANL J, et al. Impacts of climate change on the regionalization of spring wheat planting in agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2023,39(24):144-152.
WANGX X, WANGJ, LIY, et al. Comparison of simulation accuracy of potato phenology models and their sensitivity to rising temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2024,32(6):1009-1022.
WANGY, SUB D, JIANGT, et al. Evolution of nitrogen and phosphorus load in Fuhe River basin under climate and socio-economic changes[J].Yangtze River,2024,55(2):65-76.
ZHANGJ Y, LIY S, YUZ H, et al. Nitrogen cycling in the crop-soil continuum in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature: A review[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2021,54(8):1684-1701.
LIR K, HANZ Y, XUY, et al. An ensemble projection of extreme climate events and related risk exposures in the 21st century in the Yangtze River economic zone using high-resolution(6.25 km) downscaling datasets[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2023,28(1):45-60.
JIANGJ Y, LIUJ M, ZHAOY, et al. Impact of climate change on green efficiency of water for food production in Huaihe River basin[J].Economic Geography,2024,44(8):181-190.
LIUB, YANGY, HAOZ. Impact of extreme climate change on maize yield in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 1980 to 2020[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2024,45(7):766-776.
XUY B, LEIQ L, ZHOUJ G, et al. Study on the change characteristics of extreme climate indices from 1960 to 2015 in Yunnan Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2020,41(11):15-27.
HANY C, LIH P, LIUM L, et al. Nitrogen budget balance characteristics of main landuse types in Qiandao Lake basin[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2022,44(5):682-686.
[41]
MOUNDJ, DAVIESC, ROSTS, et al. Author Correction:Regional stratification at the top of Earth's core due to core-mantle boundary heat flux variations[J].Nature Geoscience,2024,17:814-815.
YAOM Y, HUM P, CHEND J. Dynamic of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine nitrogen export in the Yangtze River basin in 1980—2015[J].Environmental Science,2021,42(12):5777-5785.
TIANM, YANGB Z, JINT, et al. Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of nitrogen banlance in farmland in Jiangsu Province[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2018,39(12):146-151.
LIX Y, LIH P. Temporal and spatial changes of nitrogen mass balance in a terrestrial ecosystem of Jiangxi Province,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(6):1320-1330.
YANGH W, HUANGG X, LUOY, et al. Estimation of nitrogen budget and its driving factors in the Yongjiang River basin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2024,37(7):1435-1445.
ZHOUY M, YUX B, YANB Y. Balance and change trend of cropland soil nutrients in Jiangxi Province during 1949 to 2005[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2008,30(5):919-926.
XUX B, YANGG S, LIH P. Spatio-temporal changes of nitrogen balance in 1980—2005 for agricultural land in Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(8):2227-2233.
ZHANGH, LIH P, LIX Y, et al. Temporal changes of nitrogen balance and their driving factors in typical agricultural area of Lake Tai basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(5):1119-1129.
BIANJ M, LIY S, HUY X, et al. Nitrogen balance of farmland ecosystem in the western Jilin Province and its effect on water environment[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(7):1862-1868.
MAG W, XIANGB, YINS, et al. Budget changes and district diversity of non-point source nitrogen in agricultural fields in the Yangtze River basin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(2):132-137.
XIEL C, CHENJ Y. Nitrogen budgets of the Pearl River Delta and its regional differences during the past decade[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(2):237-248.
SHENY, QIUP, LIAOZ Y, et al. Changes in distribution patterns of weed species richness in agricultural lands on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under climate change[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2022,28(4):897-908.
ZHANGC J, XIAOC, LIS, et al. Construction of multi-extreme climate events composite grads index and comprehensive analysis of extreme climate in the Yangtze River basin from 1961 to 2020[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2023,66(3):920-938.
[66]
GUOY Z, WANGJ Y. Spatiotemporal changes of chemical fertilizer application and its environmental risks in China from 2000 to 2019[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2021,18(22):e11911.
MAC H, HUS Y, YANGL, et al. Evaluation and study on the present situation of chemical fertilizer application in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,2020,31(9):77-79.
DUANY, WUW J, JIANGH Q, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen balance model and pollution risk assessment in Yangtze River economic zone[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2020,29(7):1344-1351.
HEL, XUL, LUH W, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen balance transformation in farmland of Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1990 to 2018[J].China Environmental Science,2021,41(10):4820-4828.
CAIF L, MAX, WANGS L, et al. Effect regulating of nitrogen on grain development of maize under heat stress[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2022,37(3):119-127.
LIANGY, WANGJ, WANGS J, et al. Research progress on influences of environmental factors in paddy field on rice growth,yield and quality formation[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2022,50(24):1-9.
XUK, ZHANGQ Q, ZHANGS Y, et al. Characteristics of non-point source nitrogen emissions under individual rainfall events in a typical village area in western Guangdong,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2024,37(8):1725-1735.
[79]
CALDWELLT G, YOUNGM H, ZHUJ T, et al. Spatial structure of hydraulic properties from canopy to interspace in the Mojave Desert[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35(19):eL19406.
GOUZ J, LIY N, LIUF G, et al. Distribution and influencing factors of soil total nitrogen in alpine grassland of upper Yellow River[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2019,38(9):2585-2594.
WANGP H, DINGR, SHIW J. Comprehensive assessment of nitrogen utilization of multi-crop system and its environmental impacts in Hubei Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2024,40(5):634-644.
CHENS, HUANGY S. Effect of climate change on fertilizer use efficiency of double-season rice:A case study of southern rice growing region[J].Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management,2023,22(5):582-591.
GUOL Y, GENGY Q, JINF, et al. Research advances about low temperature,cold damage defense cultivation techniques of rice in cold region of China[J].Crops,2017(4):7-14.
LIG H, ZHANGY P, HUK L. Modeling the effect of rainfall and irrigation on nitrate leaching and crop yield in wheat-maize cropping system in North China Plain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(3):545-554.