1.College of Ecological Environment Engineering,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
2.State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
3.College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
4.State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China
5.School of Civil Engineering and Water Conservancy,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
Objective To investigate the variation characteristics of soil aggregate stability and erodibility under different Land use types in Heitangou small watershed, and to clarify the relationships between environmentals and soil aggregate stability and erodibility, thereby providing a basis for improving soil erosion resistance, cultivated land quality, and ecosystem function. Methods The study area was the Heitangou small watershed in northeastern Qinghai Province. 50 sampling sites were established across forestland, grassland, and cultivated land. Soil samples were collected from 0~20 and 20~40 cm layers for determination and calculation of soil aggregate composition and related soil properties. The influence of environmental variables on the spatial variation of mass fraction of soil water-stable aggregate >0.25 mm (WSA>0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), and erodibility (K) was quantified using semivariance functions, Kriging spatial interpolation, Pearson correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and structural equation model (SEM). Results The characteristics and erodibility of soil aggregates showed great differences under three different Land use types. The WSA>0.25 and MWD of cultivated land were significantly lower than those of forestland and grassland, and the K of cultivated land was higher than that of forestland (p<0.05). The values of WSA>0.25 and MWD were higher in watersheds covered by forestland and grassland in the southwestern and southeastern regions, but lower in the cultivated land slopes of the northeastern watersheds. Overall, regions with higher WSA>0.25 and MWD values exhibited lower K values. The exponential model provided the best fit for characterizing the spatial distributions of WSA>0.25, MWD, and K. Both WSA>0.25 and MWD exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation, while K demonstrated moderate spatial autocorrelation. Topographics (slope gradient, profile curvature, elevation, and aspect), vegetation (root biomass and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)), and soil properties (silt, clay, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total glomalin-related soil protein, T-GRSP) were all significantly correlated with soil aggregate stability and erodibility (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis revealed that Land use type, silt content, and NDVI jointly contributed the major explanatory power of the spatial variation of soil aggregate stability and erodibility. SEM analysis indicated that Land use type, SOC content, soil clay, silt, and sand fractions were the dominants controlling the variations of WSA>0.25, MWD, and K. Conclusion Significant differences in soil aggregates and erodibility are observed among different Land use types in small watersheds. Land use type, organic carbon, sand, silt, clay and NDVI are the most important drivings for the spatial variation of soil aggregates and erodibility in the study area. The findings can provide references for improving aggregate stability and soil erosion resistance in small watersheds of alpine regions.
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