1.College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
2.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
3.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
Objective This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and trade-off/synergy relationships of ecosystem services in the Yanhe River basin, aiming to provide a scientific basis for targeted soil and water conservation and regional high-quality development. Methods Based on multi-source data, including land use data, soil data, meteorological data, and digital elevation model (DEM) data from 1980 to 2020, this study applied ArcGIS and the InVEST model to assess the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and trade-off/synergy relationships of four ecosystem services in the Yanhe River basin during this period. Results 1) During the study period, the average annual water yield in the basin was 2.04×108 m3 (with a runoff depth of 26.55 mm), showing an Ω-shaped trend, with the water yield per unit area increasing first, followed by a decline, and finally increasing again. Spatially, the water yield was generally higher in the middle reaches and lower in the upper and lower reaches. 2) The total soil conservation displayed a U-shaped fluctuating increasing trend, with the highest per-unit-area values rising rapidly during 2010—2020. Spatially, high-value zones of soil conservation were scattered, following a distribution pattern of higher in the south and lower in the north. 3) Carbon storage increased year by year, with high-value zones of carbon storage per unit area progressively expanding from south to north, showing a distribution pattern of higher in the south and lower in the north. 4) The average habitat quality index of the basin showed a continuous decreasing trend annually, with overall low habitat quality. The habitat quality in the southern forested areas was relatively good, while low-value zones were distributed in strip patterns along river channels. 5) Significant correlations (p<0.01) were observed among the four ecosystem services in the Yanhe River basin. Water yield and carbon storage, as well as water yield and habitat quality, demonstrated significant trade-off relationships. Soil conservation, carbon storage, and habitat quality demonstrated synergistic relationships with each other. The water yield-soil conservation relationship was a trade-off in 1980, then shifted to synergy, and returned to trade-off in 2010. Most regions exhibited no pronounced trade-offs or synergies. Overall, synergistic areas within the basin progressively diminished, while trade-off areas expanded. High-high synergy clusters were primarily concentrated in the mid-lower reaches, low-low synergy was mainly in the upper reaches, and trade-off relationships were predominantly scattered in the mid-upper reaches. Conclusion The quantitative assessment of this study reveals the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and trade-off/synergy relationships of ecosystem services in the Yanhe River basin, providing a scientific basis for enhancing the integrated benefits of ecosystem services and optimizing resource allocation on the Loess Plateau.
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