1.School of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
2.Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
3.Key Laboratory of Disaster Chain Monitoring,Assessment and Risk Prevention,National Disaster Reduction Center of China,Ministry of Emergency Management,Beijing 100124,China
4.College of Geography and Environment,Shandong Normal University,Jinan 250358,China
5.National Disaster Reduction Center of China,Ministry of Emergency Management,Beijing 100124,China
6.National Institute of Natural Disaster Prevention,Ministry of Emergency Management,Beijing 100085,China
Objective This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of flash flood disasters in the Upper Minjiang River basin and their coupled driving mechanisms driven by climate, topography, and human activities, to elucidate the disaster formation process, and to provide a theoretical basis for regional disaster prevention planning. Methods Based on recorded flash flood disaster data (1953—2023) of the Minjiang River Basin, and by integrating methods including wavelet analysis, B-G segmentation, and geodetector, the interannual evolution patterns, seasonal distribution characteristics, spatial agglomeration patterns, and multi-factor coupling effects of flash flood disasters were analyzed. Results 1) Flash flood disasters showed a significant increasing trend interannually. The frequency from 2014 to 2023 accounted for 63.6% of the total, with the peak year being 2022 (92 events). The disasters exhibited a superposition of a 56-year primary cycle and an 8-year secondary cycle. 2) Spatially, the disasters were concentrated in small watersheds with an average slope greater than 24.6° and an area less than 77.8 km². Specifically, 71.1% of disaster sites were located within 10 km of faults, and Maoxian, Wenchuan, and Dayi counties together accounted for 52.9%, indicating a high concentration. 3) Meteorological factors dominated the spatial differentiation (q=0.558). Farmland and impervious surface expansion (q=0.539) and steep terrain (q=0.502) exhibited synergistic effects. Multi-factor interactions (e.g., the coupling of faults and human activities, q=0.81) significantly increased the risks. Conclusion The occurrence of flash flood disasters in the Minjiang River basin is dually controlled by "tectonic and monsoon" factors. Moreover, disaster-prone areas possess distinct topographic and hydrothermal characteristics. Precipitation and human-induced changes to the underlying surface are the primary causes, and their interaction enhances risks. Furthermore, human engineering disturbances combined with extreme climate conditions can trigger severe flash flood disaster chains. The research findings expand the pathways for predictability and quantifiable assessment of flash flood disasters and provide important guidance for risk prevention and control in flash-flood-prone areas.
核密度估计(kernel density estimation, KDE)是一种非参数统计方法,用于估计随机变量的概率密度函数(PDF),通过“核函数”对样本点进行加权平滑,从而灵活地拟合数据的真实密度形态[19]。本文采取核密度面积单位为km2,计算单位面积内的山洪灾害量值用于后续地理探测器分析的因变量,计算任一点的核密度估计值公式为:
WANGX, GUOF Y, ZHANGJ, et al. A dynamic process-based risk assessment of a resurgent landslide at Moli Village in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China[J].Mountain Research,2025,43(1):105-121.
[3]
BESTJ, ASHMOREP, DARBYS E. Beyond just floodwater[J].Nature Sustainability,2022,5(10):811-813.
[4]
BORGAM, STOFFELM, MARCHIL, et al. Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,518:194-205.
CHENGD Q, CUIP, ZOUQ, et al. Large-region slope calculation of the Silk Road Economic Belt based on improved Ritter algorithm[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2020,45(2):159-165.
[7]
LLASATM C, LLASAT-BOTIJAM, LÓPEZL. A Press database on natural risks and its application in the study of floods in northeastern Spain[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2009,9(6):2049-2061.
[8]
ZHUZ H, WRIGHTD B, YUG.The impact of rainfall space-time structure in flood frequency analysis[J].Water Resources Research,2018,54(11):8983-8998.
[9]
AMENGUALA. Characterization of extreme flash floods in Mediterranean Spain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2025,659:e133229.
XIONGJ N, LIJ, CHENGW M, et al. Spatial-temporal distribution and the influencing factors of mountain flood disaster in southwest China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2019,74(7):1374-1391.
SUNL, JIANGX, HANJ Q, et al. Changes and causes of mountain torrent disaster risk on the Loess Plateau in the past 30 years[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,31(4):241-247.
[14]
SAHARIAM, KIRSTETTERP E, VERGARAH, et al. On the impact of rainfall spatial variability, geomorphology, and climatology on flash floods[J].Water Resources Research,2021,57(9):e2020WR029124.
[15]
ZHOUZ Z, SMITHJ A, YANGL, et al. The complexities of urban flood response: Flood frequency analyses for the Charlotte metropolitan region[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(8):7401-7425.
JINW, ZHANGG T, ZOUQ, et al. A new understanding of the activity behavior of post-earthquake debris flow: Taking the “8·20” event in Wenchuan,Sichuan,China as an example[J].Mountain Research,2019,37(5):787-796.
HUT, LIX, LIQ, et al. Identification of key factors in the process of mountain flood confluence during different rainfall return periods: Upper Ganjiang River as an example[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2019,28(6):182-191.
ZHOUY L, DONGM, LIUW M, et al. Research on dynamic risk assessment of flood disaster in Minjiang River basin based on GIS[J].Yangtze River,2022,53(5):20-27.
ZHOUY L, LIUW M, ZHOUL Q, et al. Distribution of landslide dams in the Dadu and Upper Minjiang Rivers,eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2025,80(5):1312-1326.
ZHUC, PENGW F, ZHANGL F, et al. Study of temporal and spatial variation and driving force of fractional vegetation cover in upper reaches of Minjiang River from 2006 to 2016[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2019,39(5):1583-1594.
MAM D, LIUY J. Study on numerical classification and possible productivity of ecological zones in Three-river watershed and upper stream of Min River[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2005,13(1):26-31.
ZHANGY K, FANGY P, YANGY, et al. Disturbance of human activities to mountain ecological well-being fluctuation in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,China[J].Mountain Research,2021,39(2):238-247.
[30]
GRAPSA. An introduction to wavelets[J].IEEE Computational Science and Engineering,1995,2(2):50-61.
XIONGJ N, GONGY, CHENGW M, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of mountain floods in Tibet, China in recent 30 years[J].Mountain Research,2018,36(4):557-570.
XIONGJ N, ZHAOY L, CHENGW M, et al. Temporal-spatial distribution and the influencing factors of mountain-flood disasters in Sichuan Province[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(10):1443-1456.
YANY Y, GAOL, CHENR D,et al. Analysis of disaster and damage process caused by No.2305 "Doksuri" typhoon disaster chain in Fuzhou City[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2024,39(4):228-234.
WUJ L, MAC, WANGR, et al. Reconstruction of torrent and debris flow events based on dendrogeomorphology: A case study of Longtangou basin in Miyun District,Beijing[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2021,30(1):183-190.
[41]
LLASATM C, MARCOS-MATAMOROSR, PASCUALR, et al. Western mediterranean flash floods through the lens of alcanar (NE Iberian Peninsula): Meteorological drivers and trends[J].Atmospheric Research,2025,326:e108266.
GAOZ Q, LÜL Q, MAC, et al. Assessment and causes of debris flow susceptibility in the Nujiang grand canyon based on maxent model[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2023,37(6):34-41.
LIY F, ZHANGC D, ZHANGG T. The development characteristics and formation modes of rainstorm-triggered flash flood disasters in the Hengduan Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2024,79(3):600-616.
LIY, GANB R, WANGX K, et al. Formation mechanism of group flash flood/debris flow disasters in Ganluo County,Sichuan Province in 2019[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2020,40(6):281-287.
[48]
WANGQ, CAIX T, TANGJ Y, et al. Climate feedbacks associated with land-use and land-cover change on hydrological extremes over the Yangtze River Delta Region,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2023,623:e129855.
[49]
HEF, ZHENGC L, MOX G, et al. Study on the spatial distribution patterns and driving forces of rainstorm-induced flash flood in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin[J].Remote Sensing,2025,17(8):e1393.
CHENL, TANGJ L, WANGY Q, et al. Extreme weather trajectory over recent decades and associated impacts on crop production in purple soil sloping farmland in the hilly areas of central Sichuan,China[J].Mountain Research,2025,43(2):167-184.