1.School of Forestry and Grassland Science,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
2.Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
3.School of Ecology and Environment,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
Objective To explore the multi-scale variation characteristics of canopy conductance (gc) and its regulatory mechanisms in artificial shrubland ecosystems of semi-arid regions. Methods Taking the artificial shrubland ecosystem in Yanchi County, Ningxia, as a case study, gc was derived using the Penman-Monteith equation based on flux observation data from 2019 to 2021. The variation characteristics across different time scales were analyzed. Results 1) At the daily scale, gc exhibited a unimodal variation pattern during the growing season. At the seasonal scale, gc showed a variation pattern of first increasing and then decreasing. It increased from the early growing season, peaked in the middle to late period, and then declined. At the interannual scale, variations in gc were highly synchronized with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The mean gc values were (2.79±1.08) mm/s under non-drought conditions and (1.71±0.89) mm/s under drought, showing significant differences. 2) Leaf area index (LAI), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture emerged as the primary limiting factors of gc. Nonlinear responses of gc to these factors exhibited different degrees and directions. 3) Water supply conditions exerted a significant direct regulatory effect on gc, while the indirect effect of vegetation structure was relatively weak. The nonlinear and interactive effects between VPD and soil moisture jointly influenced gc. Conclusion The coordinated regulation of canopy conductance in artificial shrubland ecosystems by water supply and demand relationship provides theoretical support for ecological restoration and carbon-water management in arid and semi-arid regions.
RAUPACHM R. Vegetation-atmosphere interaction and surface conductance at leaf, canopy and regional scales[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,73(3/4):151-179.
[2]
LIANGX Y, WANGD F, YEQ, et al. Stomatal responses of terrestrial plants to global change[J].Nature Communications,2023,14(1):e2188.
[3]
WANGD M, ZISKAL H, CAIC, et al. Evaluating the potential of up-regulating stomatal conductance to enhance yield and nutritional quality for paddy rice under elevated CO2 [J].Field Crops Research,2025,322:e109694.
[4]
WANGL H, ZHANGY Q, MAN, et al. Diverse responses of canopy conductance to heatwaves[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2023,335:e109453.
[5]
XUH, ZHANGZ Q, ORENR, et al. Hyposensitive canopy conductance renders ecosystems vulnerable to meteorological droughts[J].Global Change Biology,2023,29(7):1890-1904.
[6]
KEENANT F, HOLLINGERD Y, BOHRERG, et al. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise[J].Nature,2013,499(7458):324-327.
[7]
JIAX, ZHAT S, GONGJ N, et al. Energy partitioning over a semi-arid shrubland in northern China[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(6):972-985.
HUANGH, YUG R, SUNX M, et al. The environmental responses and simulation of canopy conductance in a winter wheat field of north China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(12):5209-5221.
ZHUH Y, LIH Y, WANGX L, et al. Characteristics and modeling of canopy stomatal conductance and transpiration of Pinus tabuliformis on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2022,42(22):9130-9142.
WANGS, ZHAT S, JIAX, et al. Temporal variation and controlling factors of canopy conductance in Artemisia ordosica community[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(3):65-73.
[14]
NIUX D, CHENZ C, PANGY, et al. Soil moisture shapes the environmental control mechanism on canopy conductance in a natural oak forest[J].Science of the Total Environment,2023,857:e159363.
ZHANGB Z, LIUY, XUD, et al. Estimation of summer corn canopy conductance by scaling up leaf stomatal conductance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2011,27(5):80-86.
[17]
WUR Q, JIAJ B, YANW D, et al. Characteristics of canopy conductance and environmental driving mechanism in three monsoon climate regions of China[J].Frontiers in Environmental Science,2022,10:e935926.
ZHANGX Y, JIAG D, YUX X, et al. Characteristics of canopy stomatal conductance of Populus simonii stands with different degradation degrees and its responses to environmental factors[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2024,48(9):1143-1156.
CHENS N, KONGZ, CHENL X, et al. The stand transpiration characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis and its influential factors in a semi-arid urban environment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2020,40(4):1269-1280.
ZHENGQ Q, DUL T, GONGF, et al. Landscape characteristics of Caragana intermedia plantation based on GF-1 remote sensing image in Yanchi[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry University(Natural Sciences),2019,39(1):152-159.
DANY, DUL T, WANGL, et al. Effects of planted shrub encroachment on evapotranspiration and its components in desert steppe: A case study in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2020,40(16):5638-5648.
[26]
DUL T, ZENGY J, MAL L, et al. Effects of anthropogenic revegetation on the water and carbon cycles of a desert steppe ecosystem[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2021,300:e108339.
QIAOC L, DUL T, PANH Z, et al. Evaluating the effects of revegetated shrub on land surface ET in arid and semiarid areas using SEBAL model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2021,37(10):110-117.
[29]
TANGE T, ZENGY J, WANGY F, et al. Understanding the effects of revegetated shrubs on fluxes of energy, water, and gross primary productivity in a desert steppe ecosystem using the STEMMUS-SCOPE model[J].Biogeosciences,2024,21(4):893-909.
BIANY Y, SONGN P, WANGX, et al. Soil water deficit under different land-use type in desert steppe[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(1):201-206.
[32]
DUL T, MAL L, PANH Z, et al. Carbon-water coupling and its relationship with environmental and biological factors in a planted Caragana liouana shrub community in desert steppe, northwest China[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2022,15(5):947-960.
[33]
MAL L, QIAOC L, DUL T, et al. Drought in the middle growing season inhibited carbon uptake more critical in an anthropogenic shrub ecosystem of northwest China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2024,353:e110060.
MAL L, DUL T, DANY, et al. Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2020,44(8):807-818.
[38]
MUY M, YUANY, JIAX, et al. Hydrological losses and soil moisture carryover affected the relationship between evapotranspiration and rainfall in a temperate semiarid shrubland[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2022,315:e108831.
WANGF, WANGZ M, YANGH B, et al. Study of the temporal and spatial patterns of drought in the Yellow River basin based on SPEI[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2018,48(9):1169-1183.
ZHAOY Y, ZHANGX P, CHENM X, et al. Regional variation of urban air quality in China and its dominant factors[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2021,76(11):2814-2829.
ZHANGL, WANGL L, ZHANGX D, et al. The basic principle of random forest and its applications in ecology: A case study of Pinus yunnanensis [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(3):650-659.
SHIG Y, YANGS Q, ZHANGJ S, et al. Importance analysis of ozone influencing factors in high-altitude regions based on machine learning algorithms[J].Journal of Ningxia University (Natural Science Edition),2024,45(2):196-202.
QIAOC L, DUL L, CHENN, et al. Radiation budget and its biophysical response mechanisms of planted shrub ecosystem in desert steppe[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2025,45(15):7539-7549.
WANGY S, CHUC J. A brief introduction of structural equation model and its application in ecology[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(3):337-344.
NIUX Q, JIAX X, LIUC G, et al. Spatial variation and simulations of farmland soil hydraulic parameters in the Guanzhong Plain[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2021,35(1):198-204.
[53]
CUTLERD R, EDWARDST C Jr, BEARDK H, et al. Random forests for classification in ecology[J].Ecology,2007,88(11):2783-2792.
SHIY F, SHIS H, HUANGX M. The application of structural equation modeling in ecology based on R[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2022,41(5):1015-1023.
[56]
FREDSTONA L, TINGLEYM W, NEATE-CLEGGM H C, et al. Reimagining species on the move across space and time[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2025,40(7):629-638.
[57]
HANL, LIUL L, PENGL, et al. Mixing of tree species with the same water use strategy might lead to deep soil water deficit[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2023,534:e120876.