1.School of Civil Engineering,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin,Guangxi 541004,China
2.Guangxi Pingguo Karst Ecosystem National Field Observation and Research Station,Baise Pingguo Karst Ecosystem Guangxi Field Observation and Research Station,Pingguo 531406,Guangxi,China
3.Institute of Karst Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics,Ministry of Natural Resources,Guangxi,International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,Guilin 541004,Guangxi,China
Objective To reveal the influence patterns of karst development degree on soil and water leakage and to improve the theory of erosion mechanisms of soil and water leakage. Methods Controlled simulation experiments were conducted using an in-situ three-dimensional rock model box. Five artificially regulated karst rates (2%, 9%, 15%, 20%, 30%) and three types of rainfall (moderate rain: 25 mm, heavy rain: 40 mm, and torrential rain: 70 mm) were established to quantitatively analyze the impact of different karst development degrees on subsurface soil and water leakage and explore the response patterns during the leakage process. Results 1) The development degree of internal void media in karst was a crucial factor influencing soil and water leakage, with karst rate showing a significant positive correlation with total subsurface leakage (R²=0.86, p<0.01). This correlation became more pronounced with increasing rainfall intensity. 2) Influenced by the development degree of internal pore media in karst formations, the total leakage and the karst rate had an exponential relationship, showing a high goodness-of-fit (R²>0.9). 3) The sediment leakage and karst rate followed a cubic growth curve. Under the three rainfall loss curves, a minimum point existed. The sediment leakage was lowest when the karst rate was between 15% and 20%. 4) Multiple factors such as the connectivity, length, and the number of oblique intersection channels of karst pore media collectively influenced the process of soil and water leakage. Under three rainfall intensity conditions, minimum soil and water leakage values were observed. For moderate rain, the karst rate was 9% with a leakage of 11.05 L, while under heavy and storm rainfall intensities at 15% karst rate, the leakage measured 10.82 L and 24.22 L, respectively. The leakage demonstrated significant nonlinear characteristics. Conclusion The relationship between karst development degree and soil and water leakage is nonlinear and synergistically influenced by rainfall intensity. As the karst rate increases, the total leakage exhibits an exponential rise, while sediment leakage demonstrates the existence of an "optimal karst rate" threshold. Under intensified rainfall intensity conditions, soil and water leakage becomes particularly pronounced, especially in areas with high karst rates. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the risk assessment and mitigation measures of soil and water leakage in karst regions, and offer important references for the formulation of soil and water erosion prediction and control strategies in related regions.
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