Objective This study compares the effects of applying phosphate-solubilizing bacteria fertilizer (PSBF) and not applying it on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of exogenous phosphorus in 3-year reclaimed soil. It investigates the effects of PSBF applications on the phosphorus adsorption and desorption characteristics, phosphorus forms, and physicochemical properties, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for improving phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency and rapidly enhancing the productivity of reclaimed mine soils. Methods The experiment was carried out in the reclamation experimental base of the mining subsidence area in Wujinshan Town, Yuci District, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province. Seven treatment plots were set up: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (CF), chemical fertilizer combined with PSBF (CFP), organic fertilizer alone (M), organic fertilizer combined with PSBF (MP), chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (MCF), and chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer combined with PSBF (MCFP). Soil samples from each treatment were collected for phosphorus adsorption kinetics experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity, maximum buffering capacity, adsorption saturation, maximum desorption amount, and desorption rate were calculated. The relationships between soil phosphorus forms, soil physicochemical properties, and the amounts of phosphorus adsorption and desorption were analyzed. Results The treatments with PSBF reduced soil phosphorus adsorption amount and increased soil phosphorus desorption amount compared with the corresponding treatments without PSBF. The MP treatment exhibited the highest maximum desorption amount and desorption rate of soil phosphorus, increasing by 32.87%-276.90% and 38.76%-386.91%, respectively, compared to other treatments. With the PSBF application, the contents of soil active phosphorus and moderately active phosphorus increased by 2.69%-7.29% and 3.64%-8.96%, respectively, while the content of stable phosphorus decreased by 2.14%-2.29%. Compared with soils without PSBF, soils treated with PSBF had higher organic matter, available phosphorus, and total phosphorus contents, but the contents of aluminum hydrated oxides/hydroxides and exchangeable calcium decreased significantly by 12.96%-15.71% and 10.53%-12.45%, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that active phosphorus was the main common influencing factor of phosphorus adsorption-desorption characteristics in the treatments without and with PSBF, and the explanation rates were 16.80% and 77.20%, respectively. Conclusion The PSBF application inhibits soil phosphorus adsorption and promotes phosphorus desorption, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of exogenous phosphorus. It weakens the regulatory effect of exchangeable calcium on phosphorus adsorption-desorption processes, increases soil available phosphorus, and significantly improves soil aggregate stability and maize yield. Among all treatments, organic fertilizer combined with PSBF shows the greatest improvement in phosphorus availability in reclaimed soil.
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