Objective This study aims to assess the potential soil erosion status in Guizhou Province, China, and to support research on the coupling mechanisms between rocky desertification and soil erosion. The objective is to identify the optimal spatial interpolation method suitable for large-scale, low-density sampling conditions in this region. Methods Based on 1 097 sampling units from the First National Census for Water of China, and incorporating multiple auxiliary environmental variables such as climate, soil, and topography, the study systematically compared seven spatial interpolation approaches, including inverse distance weighting (IDW), radial basis functions (RBF), multiple linear regression (MLR), ordinary kriging (OK), regression-kriging B and C models (RK-B and RK-C), and geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK), with the map algebra method. The performance of each method was comprehensively evaluated using independent validation and cross-validation. Results 1) The average potential soil erosion modulus in Guizhou Province was 9 992.81 t/km², exhibiting a spatial pattern of higher in the south and lower in the north. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted 6 principal components, with a cumulative variance explanation rate reaching 85.46%. 2) The map algebra method showed fragmented patches and exhibited a significant overestimation tendency. IDW, RBF, and OK exhibited "bull's-eye" effects in their spatial distribution. RK-B and GWRK demonstrated over-smoothing and low-value compression. MLR and RK-C methods achieved the most balanced spatial distributions. 3) In independent validation, the RMSE ranking was GWRK<RK-B<RK-C<MLR<IDW<RBF<OK. Among these, the RI of MLR was 0.30%, and RK-C achieved the lowest MAE of 6 634.18 t/km². In cross-validation, the RMSE ranking was IDW<OK<RK-C<RK-B<MLR<GWRK<RBF, where RK-C outperformed RK-B and MLR in terms of RMSE, ME, and RI. Conclusion Considering both accuracy and the rationality of spatial distribution, RK-C is identified as the optimal spatial interpolation method for estimating potential soil erosion under large-scale, low-density conditions in Guizhou Province.
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