Objective To investigate the impact of dam construction on long-term drought and flood dynamics in the Nanpan River Basin. Methods Monthly precipitation data from 25 stations during 1980—2023 were utilized to characterize drought and flood conditions in the Nanpan River Basin based on the rainfall Z index. Simple linear regression analysis, path analysis, wavelet analysis, and geographical detector method were employed to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of droughts and floods before and after dam construction, as well as the influence of atmospheric circulation. The impact of regional environmental factors, including underlying surface and climatic factors, on drought and flood were analyzed. Results 1) Temporally, the rainfall Z index showed a non-significant decreasing trend before and after dam construction, with fluctuations tending to stabilize. Spatially, it exhibited a pattern of drought in the west and flood in the east. 2) Dam construction altered the dominant atmospheric circulation factor influencing basin drought and flood, changing from DMI before construction to NAO after construction. Both indices were positively correlated, although the correlation coefficient decreased. 3) Climatic factors, such as precipitation and temperature, had considerable impacts on local droughts and floods before and after dam construction, but their influence was greater after construction. The influence of underlying surface also increased following dam construction, and the interaction effects among factors were greater than individual effects. Conclusion The findings provide a scientific basis for enhancing the basin′s capacity to respond to drought and flood disasters.
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