1.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
2.College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
3.College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
Objective To gain deeper understanding of the relationship between soil resistivity and soil moisture, in order to meet the demand for non-invasive, high-resolution, and continuous monitoring of soil moisture. Methods This study targeted typical grassland, maize fields, and mountainous apple orchards in a small watershed within the loess hilly region. Using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) combined with gravimetric soil water content measurements, we established resistivity-water content inversion models for different land use types and evaluated their stability and applicability across soil layers and seasons. Results The relationship between soil resistivity and water content followed either a power or exponential function, with all models achieving Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) below 5%. The natural grassland model exhibited the highest accuracy (R²=0.735, RMSE=1.70%). Temperature correction significantly improved model performance, making them suitable for monthly-scale monitoring. Analysis of three ERT surveys from July to September 2024 indicated that shallow soil moisture (0-1 m) responded rapidly to rainfall, while deep soil moisture (1-4 m) showed lagged and damped responses. Significant differences in soil water storage were observed among land use types, with check-dam maize fields exhibiting superior water retention capacity compared to mountainous apple orchards and natural grassland. Conclusion ERT technology is effective for soil moisture inversion under complex terrain and diverse land cover conditions in the Loess Plateau, providing technical support for soil water monitoring and land management.
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