1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity,Xi'an 710127
2.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127
Show less
文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-10-08
2025-12-11
2026-04-01
Issue Date
2026-09-09
PDF (1991K)
摘要
目的 为阐明塬边土壤水分亏缺的时空演变规律,揭示暴雨(24 h降雨量≥50 mm)对土壤水分亏缺的调控机制,优化苹果园水分管理。 方法 在距塬边3.5 m (L1)、7 m (L2)及11.5 m (L3)处布设土壤水分传感器,分别监测2023年苹果生长季距地表10、40、70 cm深度土层的体积含水量动态。基于实测数据率定与验证Hydrus-2D模型,通过情景模拟,控制暴雨总量不变,定量解析暴雨强度、间隔及过程对塬边土壤水分亏缺补充量的影响。 结果 生长季内,塬边(L1, L2)在40、70 cm土层持续存在土壤水分亏缺。相较于塬内(L3),塬边L2与L1点40 cm土层的平均含水量分别降低3.21%与6.76%;70 cm土层则分别降低3.32%与5.77%。模型模拟表明,在相同暴雨总量(160 mm)条件下,降雨间隔对塬边土壤水分亏缺的补充量影响不显著;然而,随着暴雨强度增加(历时缩短),其对塬边土壤水分亏缺的补充量呈下降趋势,深层土层(70 cm)甚至出现负补偿。基于马尔科夫链-蒙特卡洛方法生成的90场随机降雨过程分析进一步揭示,塬边土壤水分亏缺的补充量与最大1 h累计降雨量呈负相关,表明短历时高强度暴雨反而不利于塬边深层土壤水分的补充恢复。 结论 揭示暴雨强度与过程特征对渭北旱塬塬边土壤水分亏缺的关键调控作用,指出未来极端降雨格局变化可能加剧该区域深层土壤水分的胁迫风险,为渭北旱塬苹果园的水分精准管理与补充灌溉制度的制定提供科学依据。
Abstract
Objective To clarify how different rainstorm characteristics (24-h rainfall≥50 mm) regulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of SM deficits in the edge zone and optimize water management in apple or orchards. Methods SM sensors were installed at 3.5 m (L1), 7 m (L2), and 11.5 m (L3) from the plateau edge to monitor volumetric SM at 10, 40, and 70 cm depths during the 2023 apple growing season. These observations were used to calibrate and validate a Hydrus-2D model. Scenario simulations with equal total rainstorm amounts were then conducted to quantitatively assess the effects of rainstorm intensity, interval, and temporal structure on SM-deficit replenishment. In addition, 90 stochastic rainstorms were generated using a Markov chain-Monte Carlo framework to further analyze SM responses to rainstorm variability. Results The edge zone (L1 and L2) exhibited persistent SM deficits at 40 and 70 cm depths throughout the growing season. Compared with L3 (inner zone), average SM at L2 and L1 was 3.21% and 6.76% lower at 40 cm, and 3.32% and 5.77% lower at 70 cm, respectively. Under scenarios with equal total rainstorm amounts (160 mm), rainstorm interval had negligible influence on SM-deficit replenishment, whereas higher intensity (shorter duration) rainstorms reduced SM replenishment and even produced negative recharge in deeper soil layers (70 cm). Stochastic rainstorm simulations further showed that SM replenishment was significantly negatively correlated with maximum 1-h cumulative rainfall depth, indicating that short-duration, high-intensity storms are ineffective for restoring deep SM deficits. Conclusion Rainstorm intensity and temporal structure exert a critical regulatory influence on SM-deficit dynamics in the edge zones of the Weibei rainfed plateau. Future shifts toward more intense, short-duration rainfall events may exacerbate deep-soil water stress in local orchards. These findings provide a scientific basis for precise water-management strategies and the development of supplementary irrigation schedules for apple orchards in the region.
MAX Y, MUX M, WANGS Y, et al. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil infiltration and runoff in the gully regions on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,38(6):89-96.
MUX M, DUM, SHAOY T, et al. Analysis of soil erosion characteristics on the tableland of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power (Natural Science Edition),2023,44(6):96-102.
JINZ, PENGJ B, ZHUANGJ Q, et al. Gully erosion and expansion mechanisms in loess tablelands and the scientific basis of gully consolidation and tableland protection[J].Scientia Sinica (Terrae),2023,53(4):806-822.
ZHAOS, MAZ Q, ZHANGY T, et al. Effects of water control on apple yield, fruit quality, and water use efficiency in Weibei area of Shaanxi Province[J].Northern Horticulture,2022(21):38-43.
[9]
YEL P, FANGL C, SHIZ H, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of soil moisture driven by ″Grain for Green″ program on the Loess Plateau, China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2019,269:204-214.
[10]
FATHOLOLOUMIS, VAEZIA R, FIROZJAEIM K, et al. Quantifying the effect of surface heterogeneity on soil moisture across regions and surface characteristic[J].Journal of Hydrology,2021,596:e126132.
[11]
LINZ X, WANGQ, XUY P, et al. Soil moisture dynamics and associated rainfall-runoff processes under different land uses and land covers in a humid mountainous watershed[J].Journal of Hydrology,2024,636:e131249.
[12]
JINZ, PENGJ B, ZHUANGJ Q, et al. Gully erosion and expansion mechanisms in loess tablelands and the scientific basis of gully consolidation and tableland protection[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2023,66(4):821-839.
[13]
LÜH S, ZHUY H, SKAGGST H, et al. Comparison of measured and simulated water storage in dryland terraces of the Loess Plateau, China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(2):299-306.
[14]
MELLIGERJ J, NIEMANNJ D. Effects of gullies on space-time patterns of soil moisture in a semiarid grassland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):289-300.
[15]
LIT C, SHAOM A, JIAY H, et al. Profile distribution of soil moisture in the gully on the northern Loess Plateau, China[J].Catena,2018,171:460-468.
[16]
CHANGY Q, HANL, CHENR, et al. Modelling of the trade-off between the deep soil moisture and vegetation restoration in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2024,645:e132274.
[17]
JIAY H, LIT C, SHAOM G. A preliminary investigation of gully edge effect on the distribution pattern of soil moisture across a permanent gully[J].Journal of Hydrology,2020,590:e125288.
[18]
WUX Z, WANGX, TENGY, et al. Response of soil moisture to rainfall following deep soil drying in China's hilly loess lands[J].Science of The Total Environment,2024,950:e175145.
XIEL, HOUP, ZHOUT, et al. The rainfall characteristics effect spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall erosivity in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2025,45(10):4940-4951.
LIT X, CAOH X, CHENH W, et al. Analyses of water-saving irrigation scheduling for apple in Weibei dryland gully[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2016,34(5):255-261.
[23]
ZHUY J, JIAX X, SHAOM G. Loess thickness variations across the Loess Plateau of China[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2018,39(4):715-727.
[24]
LIH X, HANS B, WUX, et al. Distribution, characteristics and influencing factors of fresh groundwater resources in the Loess Plateau, China[J].China Geology,2021,4(3):509-526.
[25]
ZHUP Z, ZHANGG H, WANGH X, et al. Soil moisture variations in response to precipitation properties and plant communities on steep gully slope on the Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Water Management,2021,256:e107086.
SUNY R, CHENY M, WANGY J, et al. Dynamic variation characteristics of soil moisture in Caragana korshinskii plantation in loess hilly area and the influence of rainfall characteristics on it[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2023,37(1):272-279.
TIANY Q, WANGB, WANGJ F, et al. Influence of typical herbaceous root characteristics on soil shear properties in loess hilly regions[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,31(3):153-159.
[30]
RICHARDSL A. Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums[J].Physics,1931,1(5):318-333.
[31]
VAN GENUCHTENM T. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[32]
BUSSCHERW. Simulation of field water use and crop yield[J].Soil Science,1980,129(3):e193.
[33]
PENMANH L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1948,193(1032):120-145.
[34]
FLANAGAND.Usda-water erosion prediction project (WEPP) hillslope profile and watershed model documentation, Nserl Report[J].Journal of International Trade and Economic Development,2003,12(1):97-99.
LIANGJ, WANGG L, XUX Y, et al. Dynamics of soil moisture and its response to rainfall in Caragana korshinskii plantation in loess hilly region[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2025,62(4):998-1009.
[37]
JIAJ B, YUX X, LIY T. Response of forestland soil water content to heavy rainfall on Beijing Mountain, northern China[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2016,27(3):541-550.
[38]
GEF C, XUM X, LIB B, et al. Afforestation reduced the deep profile soil water sustainability on the semiarid Loess Plateau[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2023,544:e121240.
[39]
HANL, CHANGY Q, CHENR, et al. Response of soil moisture to vegetation and trade-off analysis in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China[J].Ecological Indicators,2022,142:e109273.
[40]
MIAOY B, NIUJ Z, WANGD, et al. Greening of China and possible vegetation effects on soil moisture[J].Ecological Indicators,2024,158:e111382.
LIQ, SUNH Y, YANGY F, et al. Characteristics of understory herbaceous vegetation in mixed plantations and their effects on herbaceous interception in loess hilly areas[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2025,39(3):163-171.
[43]
MAM L, LIQ, WANGY P, et al. Rainfall intensities determine accuracy of canopy interception simulation using the Revised Gash model[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2025,362:e110389.