1.College of Life Sciences,Liaoning University,Shenyang 110036,China
2.Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China
3.Key Lab of Conservation Tillage and Ecological Agriculture,Shenyang 110016,China
4.Shengtai Agricultural Machinery Service Professional Cooperative in Changtu County,Tieling,Liaoning 112527,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-10-20
2025-12-16
2026-04-01
Issue Date
2026-09-09
PDF (1303K)
摘要
目的 为探究不同覆盖作物种植下土壤酶活性变化规律及种植体系中生物与非生物因素对土壤酶活性的调控机制。 方法 以常规玉米耕作为对照(CT),设置单种苜蓿(A)、单种黑麦草(R)及二者混播(AR)3个处理,采集0~10、10~20 cm土样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量及酶活性并进行综合分析。 结果 与常规玉米耕作相比,单种苜蓿显著降低0~10、10~20 cm可溶性有机碳氮(DOC、DON)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)含量和0~10 cm AP、10~20 cm NH4+-N、DON∶AP(p<0.05),以及真菌、细菌等各类群微生物生物量,但显著提高0~10、10~20 cm DOC∶DON和10~20 cm土壤中β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖酶(CB)、N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碳、氮、磷循环相关的酶活性;单种黑麦草显著提高0~20 cm DOC∶DON和10~20 cm pH,显著降低0~10、10~20 cm DON、NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON∶AP及0~10 cm TP和DOC含量(p<0.05),微生物生物量变化趋势与苜蓿相似,但显著增加0~10 cm碳转化酶活性和10~20 cm磷转化酶活性;混播显著提高0~10、10~20 cm pH、DOC∶DON,显著降低0~10、10~20 cm DOC、DON、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、AP和DON∶AP(p<0.05),维持与常规耕作相当且显著高于单种处理的微生物生物量,并显著提高磷转化酶活性。 结论 不同覆盖作物种植对土壤酶活性的调控机制具有差异性,主要体现在10~20 cm土层,豆科覆盖作物通过增加土壤氮含量调节DOC∶DON、DON∶AP速效养分化学计量比,改变土壤微生物群落养分获取途径提高土壤碳、氮、磷转化酶活性;禾本科覆盖作物则通过增加土壤碳含量改变土壤DOC∶DON和DOC∶AP增加土壤氮、磷转化酶活性;混播作物则平衡土壤养分计量比,维持土壤高微生物生物量。从短期来看,混播是维持微生物生物量、改善土壤健康的优选措施,而单种苜蓿是提高土壤养分含量和促进土壤养分循环的优选措施。
Abstract
Objective To explore the changes in soil enzyme activities under different cover crops systems and the regulatory mechanisms by which biotic and abiotic factors within the cropping system affect soil enzyme activities. Methods Conventional corn monoculture was used as the control treatment (CT), and three cover crops treatments were established: alfalfa monoculture (A), ryegrass monoculture (R), and a mixed sowing of both (AR). Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths, and soil physicochemical properties, microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) contents, and enzymatic activities were measured and analyzed comprehensively. Results Compared with CT, alfalfa monoculture significantly reduced the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths. It also decreased the AP content in the 0–10 cm layer, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) in the 10-20 cm soil layer, and the DON∶AP ratio (p<0.05), along with the biomass of various microbial groups, such as fungi and bacteria. In addition, alfalfa monoculture notably increased the DOC∶DON ratio in 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers, and the activity of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling-related enzymes, including β-Glucosidase (βG)、Cellobiohydrolase (CB)、N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)、Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)、Acid phosphatase (ACP) in the 10-20 cm soil layer. Ryegrass monoculture significantly increased the DOC∶DON ratio in the 0-20 cm soil layer and raised pH in the 10-20 cm soil layer. It markedly reduced DON, NH4+-N, NO3--N, DON∶AP ratio in both soil layers, as well as TP and DOC in the 0-10 cm layer (p<0.05). Microbial biomass trends were similar to those observed with alfalfa, but ryegrass also significantly enhanced the carbon-transforming enzyme activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer and phosphorus-transforming enzyme activities in the 10-20 cm layer. Mixed planting significantly increased pH and DOC∶DON ratios in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layer, while markedly reducing DOC, DON, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TP, AP, and the DON∶AP ratio in both soil layers (p<0.05). This treatment maintained microbial biomass at levels comparable to CT and significantly higher than those in the monoculture treatments, while significantly enhancing phosphorus-transforming enzyme activities. Conclusion The regulatory mechanisms of soil enzyme activities differ among cover crop types, mainly reflected in the 10-20 cm soil layer. Leguminous cover crops enhance the activities of soil carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-transforming enzymes by increasing soil nitrogen content, regulating the stoichiometric ratios of DOC∶DON and DON∶AP of available nutrients, and altering the nutrient acquisition pathways of soil microbial communities. Gramineous cover crops enhance the activities of soil nitrogen- and phosphorus-transforming enzymes by increasing soil carbon content and changing DOC∶DON and DOC∶AP ratios. Mixed planting balances soil nutrient stoichiometry and maintains a high soil microbial biomass. In the short term, mixed planting is an optimal measure for maintaining microbial biomass and improving soil health, whereas alfalfa monoculture is optimal for increasing soil nutrient content and promoting internal cycling of soil nutrients.
从表2、表3可以看出,与常规玉米耕作相比,单种苜蓿显著增加0~10、10~20 cm SW、10~20 cm DOC∶DON,显著降低0~10、10~20 cm中土壤DOC、DON、NO3--N、TP及0~10 cm AP、10~20 cm土层中NH4+-N与DON∶AP(p<0.05);单种黑麦草显著增加0~10、10~20 cm SW、DOC∶DON,但显著降低0~10、10~20 cm DON、NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON∶AP及0~10 cm DOC、TP(p<0.05);混播显著增加0~10、10~20 cm SW、pH、DOC∶DON,显著降低0~10、10~20 cm DOC、DON、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和AP及DON∶AP(p<0.05)。
不同微生物类群的生理特性和功能定位不同,其所分泌的酶类型和数量也存在显著差异。微生物群落结构显著影响10~20 cm碳、氮、磷转化相关酶活性,并且由图2b可得苜蓿和黑麦草单种处理具有相似的群落结构,并在PC1轴与常规玉米耕作有显著差异,群落均以细菌为主(如14:0、16:0、18:0),革兰氏阳性菌占据重要地位(如16:0 iso、15:1 iso w6c),同时具有较高的碳、氮、磷转化相关酶活性。先前已有研究[31]表明,细菌能够参与土壤碳、氮循环且占据主导位置,并且革兰氏阳性细菌在土壤碳、氮、磷循环中起重要作用[32],因为革兰氏阳性细菌更能够利用土壤中难以利用的养分。
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