1.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control,College of Soil and;Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
Objective The Philip model is a classic model for describing soil infiltration. Its core lies in introducing two key parameters-sorptivity (S) and steady infiltration rate (A)-to characterize the soil's rapid water absorption capacity driven by matric potential during the early stage of rainfall and its stable water infiltration capacity driven by gravitational potential after soil pores become saturated during the later stage, respectively. However, the model does not fully account for the effects of slope topography and rainfall intensity, leading to deviations in simulating slope infiltration during individual rainfall events. Therefore, by investigating the response characteristics and influencing mechanisms of slope infiltration parameters based on the Philip model to slope gradient, rainfall intensity, and slope length, and subsequently developing a corresponding modified model, the simulation accuracy of individual rainfall infiltration in the Loess Plateau region can be improved, thereby providing scientific support for water resource management in soil and water conservation and ecological restoration projects. Methods Taking loessal soil slopes as the research object, laboratory simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to systematically analyze the effects of slope gradient (17.63%-57.74%), rainfall intensity (0.800-2.835 mm/min), and slope length (0.4-2.0 m) on the parameters of the Philip model, and corresponding modifications were made. Results 1) The Philip model exhibited good fitting performance in simulating soil water infiltration on slopes during individual rainfall events (R2>0.946). However, the fitted parameters showed significant variability under different slope lengths, rainfall intensities, and slope gradients. 2) The steady infiltration rate (A) increased with rainfall intensity but showed a decreasing trend with increasing slope gradient and slope length. Sorptivity (S) exhibited an increasing trend with rainfall intensity and slope gradient but a decreasing trend with slope length. 3) Rainfall intensity contributed 83.99% and 57.35% to the variations in the steady infiltration rate and sorptivity, respectively. An increase in slope gradient diminished the influence of rainfall intensity on the steady infiltration rate, while an increase in rainfall intensity enhanced the influence of slope length on the steady infiltration rate. When the slope length was less than 1.6 m, increasing slope length promoted the effect of rainfall intensity on sorptivity while suppressing the effect of slope gradient on sorptivity. 4) Based on the Philip model, a modified model for slope soil water infiltration during individual rainfall events was constructed by introducing factors such as slope gradient, slope length, and rainfall intensity, which significantly improved the simulation accuracy (R2=0.880). Conclusion Although the Philip model can accurately reproduce the slope infiltration process during individual rainfall events, its parameters respond strongly to slope conditions, showing consistent patterns. The steady infiltration rate increases with rainfall intensity but decreases with increasing slope gradient and slope length, and sorptivity increases with increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient but decreases with increasing slope length. Among the factors, rainfall intensity has the highest explanatory power for parameter variability, providing a key basis for the modification of the Philip model. The modified model significantly improves the simulation accuracy.
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