Objective As a high water-consuming industry, agriculture relies on the coordination of blue and green water for crop water use. Future climate change will disturb the blue and green water cycles by affecting crop water requirements (ETc) and threaten agricultural water security. Therefore, in the face of severe challenges for sustainable water resource management, predicting agricultural water security is of great significance. Methods Taking northeast China as the study area, based on the CMFD reanalysis dataset from 1998 to 2024 and meteorological data under two emission scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585) from 2031 to 2090 derived from five climate models in CMIP6, the Hargreaves equation and crop coefficients were used to calculate ETc, and a dual-index evaluation system for blue and green water was constructed. Combined with the crop water deficit index (CWDI), the spatiotemporal evolution trends of agricultural water security in northeast China under future climate scenarios were analyzed. Results The spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural green and blue water security in northeast China differed significantly under future climate scenarios. Temporally, the green water risk decreased significantly under both SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios. In the long term, the green water risk under SSP245 was 12.4% lower than that under SSP585, while the blue water risk was 4.1% higher. Spatially, under the SSP245 scenario, high-green-water-risk areas were concentrated in Liaoning Province, and blue water stress intensified significantly in Liaoning Province and the four eastern leagues of Inner Mongolia. Under the SSP585 scenario, the overall green water risk decreased, and areas with extremely high blue water stress were concentrated in Liaoning Province. Under the SSP245 scenario, the green water risk in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang decreased by 2.2%, 13.4%, and 1.6%, respectively, compared to the SSP585 scenario, while the blue water risk in the four eastern leagues of Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang increased by 13.1%, 55.1%, and 15.0% respectively. The concentration of agricultural water use risk in the early growth stage under future climate scenarios was attributed to the mismatch between water supply and demand and unstable water recharge. Conclusion The imbalance between the supply and demand of crop green water further strengthens the compensatory demand for blue water. The uncertainty and risk of agricultural water use are higher under the high-emission scenario. The findings of this study provide scientific support for enhancing regional agricultural climate resilience and achieving food security and sustainable water resources utilization.
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