土施外源硒对瑞雪苹果不同器官硒分配及吸收转运的影响

Effects of exogenous selenium application on selenium distribution, absorption-translocation in different organs of Ruixue apple

摘要

【目的】比较硒处理对苹果器官全硒、有机硒、无机硒含量的影响，探究硒吸收转运规律，为生产富硒苹果提供理论基础。【方法】以瑞雪苹果为试材，于果实膨大期土施富硒（Se）和非富硒有机肥（CK），测定果实、叶片等器官的全硒、有机硒和无机硒含量及相关指标。【结果】外源硒施用后瑞雪苹果器官的全硒含量从高到低依次为地下须根＞砧木地下茎段＞主干＞侧枝＞叶片＞果实，有机硒含量为地下须根＞砧木地下茎段＞主干＞侧枝＞叶片＞果实，均从地下须根到果实（即植株从下到上）逐渐减少；各器官无机硒含量表现为叶片＞地下须根＞侧枝＞主干＞砧木地下茎段＞果实。CK处理下地下须根的全硒、有机硒、无机硒含量均最高，全硒含量从高到低依次为地下须根＞侧枝＞主干＞砧木地下茎段＞叶片＞果实；有机硒含量为地下须根＞主干＞侧枝＞果实＞叶片＞砧木地下茎段；无机硒含量为地下须根＞砧木地下茎段＞侧枝＞叶片＞主干＞果实。除砧木地下茎段外，硒处理显著提高了瑞雪苹果其他器官全硒、有机硒、无机硒含量及有机硒百分含量；硒处理下全硒累积量、富集系数、分配率、转运系数均以地下须根较高，分别达到19.31 µg、236.44%、35.99%、236.46%，CK的全硒累积量、富集系数、转运系数均以地下须根较高，分别达到6.78 µg、172.75%、172.74%；外源硒处理显著提高了土壤的全硒和有效硒含量。【结论】在树体吸收转运硒的过程中，地下须根占据重要地位，是树体通过土壤吸收转运硒的第一个通道，决定了硒运送到地上部的效率。与施非富硒有机肥相比，富硒处理提高了树体不同器官的硒含量，其中果实硒含量（ w，后同）为60.67 µg·kg^-1，达到富硒苹果标准（30 µg·kg^-1）。因此，可以通过施用外源硒的方式生产富硒苹果，为合理使用硒肥生产富硒苹果提供理论依据，满足人体对硒的营养需求。

Abstract

【Objective】The study aimed to explore the absorption and translocation patterns of exogenous selenium in different organs of apple trees. After applying selenium-enriched organic fertilizer and an equal amount of non-selenium-enriched organic fertilizer to Ruixue apple trees, we measured the total selenium, organic selenium, and inorganic selenium contents in various organs of the apple trees in order to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific production of selenium-enriched apples.【Methods】Taking Ruixue apple trees (with T337 as the rootstock) as experimental materials, a controlled pot experiment was conducted. During the fruit enlargement period, apply 0.05 kg per plant of selenium-enriched organic fertilizer evenly in the ring-shaped groove. An equal amount of non-selenium-enriched organic fertilizer was used as the control (CK). At the fruit maturity stage, the whole fruits, leaves, lateral branches, main trunk, underground stem segments of the rootstock, and underground fibrous roots of the trees were collected via destructive sampling. Each organ was excised, brought back to the laboratory, rinsed with deionized water, dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for 30 minutes, and then baked at 80 ℃ for 8 hours. After that, the dry mass of each organ was weighed using a balance. Each organ was crushed using a grinder and sealed in a bag for the determination of total selenium and inorganic selenium content using fluorescence spectrophotometry. After the soil samples were naturally air-dried, they were crushed using a grinder, passed through a 100-mesh sieve, and then placed in sealed bags for the determination of total selenium and available selenium content by fluorescence spectrophotometry. By comparing indicators such as total selenium, organic selenium, and inorganic selenium content in various organs, the absorption, translocation, and distribution patterns of exogenous selenium in different tree organs were determined.【Results】After the application of exogenous selenium, the total selenium and organic selenium contents in all organs of Ruixue apples gradually decreased from the underground fibrous roots to the fruits (i.e., from the bottom to the top of the plant). Specifically, the order of total selenium content from high to low was: underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ main trunk ＞ lateral branches ＞ leaves ＞ fruits. The order of organic selenium content from high to low followed the same pattern: underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ main trunk ＞ lateral branches ＞ leaves ＞ fruits. By contrast, the order of inorganic selenium content from highest to lowest was: leaves ＞ underground fibrous roots ＞ lateral branches ＞ main trunk ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ fruits. The percentage of organic selenium in each organ reached over 60%. The total selenium accumulation, ranked from highest to lowest, was as follows: main trunk ＞ underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ fruits ＞ leaves ＞ lateral branches. Sorted by enrichment coefficient from largest to smallest, the order was as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ main trunk ＞ lateral branches ＞ leaves ＞ fruits. Sorted by distribution rate from largest to smallest, the order was as follows: main trunk ＞ underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ fruits ＞ leaves ＞ lateral branches. The transport coefficients sorted from largest to smallest were as follows: TF Soil-Underground fibrous roots ＞ TF Main trunk-Lateral branches ＞ TF Lateral branches-Leaves ＞ TF Underground fibrous roots-Main trunk ＞ TF Leaves-Fruits ＞ TF Underground fibrous roots-The underground stem segment of the rootstock. Among all organs of Ruixue apples in the CK treatment, total selenium content was the highest in underground fibrous roots. The total selenium content from high to low was as follows: Underground fibrous roots ＞ lateral branches ＞ main trunk ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ leaves ＞ fruits, and the organic selenium content, from highest to lowest, was as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ main trunk ＞ lateral branches ＞ fruits ＞ leaves ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock. The inorganic selenium content, ranked from highest to lowest, was as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ the underground stem segments of the rootstock ＞ lateral branches ＞ leaves ＞ main trunk ＞ fruits. The percentage of organic selenium in each organ was significantly lower than that of CK. The total selenium accumulation, ranked from highest to lowest, was as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ main trunk ＞ fruits ＞ leaves ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ lateral branches. The enrichment coefficients, sorted from largest to smallest, were as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ lateral branches ＞ main trunk ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ leaves ＞ fruits, and the distribution rate from largest to smallest was as follows: underground fibrous roots ＞ fruits ＞ leaves ＞ the underground stem segment of the rootstock ＞ lateral branches. The transport coefficients sorted from largest to smallest were as follows: TF Soil-Underground fibrous roots ＞ TF The underground stem segment of the rootstock-Main trunk.

关键词

苹果 / 硒 / 吸收 / 转运

参考文献

[1] Wang Lei， Du Fei， Sun Hui， Zhang Chunyi. Progress on selenium metabolism and nutrition in human[J]. Current Biotechnology， 2015， 5(4)： 285-290.

[2] Wang Wenxia， Xie Anqi， Xia Qing， Zhi Hui， Du Jie. Effects of different selenium application methods on physiological characteristics，yield and quality of flax[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences， 2025， 54(11)： 40-49.

[3] Tang Chaohua， Zhao Qingyu， Zhang Kai， Li Shuang， Qin Yuchang， Zhang Junmin. Promoting the development of nutritionally-guided agriculture in research and development of selenium-enriched agri-products in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica， 2019， 52(18)： 3122-3133.

[4] Handy D E， Joseph J， Loscalzo J . Selenium，a micronutrient that modulates cardiovascular health via redox enzymology[J]. Nutrients， 2021， 13(9)： 3238.

[5] Zhang Xinzhuang， Liu Yumeng， Gao Xing， Wang Xiaoyang， Yin Yixuan， Mang Lai. Effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on the mitigation of oxidative damage and mitochondrial function in equine skeletal muscle satellite cells[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine， 2025， 52(10)： 4603-4613.

[6] Wang Chunmiao， Ran Ruijin. Research advance of biological functions of selenium and selenoprotein in ocular diseases[J]. International Eye Science， 2021， 21(4)： 660-663.

[7] Kuang Yidi， Tang Chun， Zhang Qinglin， Yang Hong， Zhou Jie， Qi Chuandong， Guo Fengling， Zhu Jin， Wu Jinping. Effects of exogenous organic selenium and nano-selenium on growth，quality，and Se content in ginger[J]. China Cucurbits and Vegetables， 2025， 38(11)： 167-172.

[8] Xia X J， Zhang X L， Liu M C， Duan M Y， Zhang S S， Wei X B， Liu X Y . Toward improved human health：Efficacy of dietary selenium on immunity at the cellular level[J]. Food & Function， 2021， 12(3)： 976-989.

[9] Kikkert J， Berkelaar E . Plant uptake and translocation of inorganic and organic forms of selenium[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology， 2013， 65(3)： 458-465.

[10] Jin Xiaowan， Zhu Xi， Huang Jin， Du Li’e， Wang Li， CHEN Ji. Effects of selenium on chloroplast and photosynthesis[J]. Molecular Plant Breeding， 2019， 17(1)： 288-294.

[11] Liu Li， Wang Zhangmin， Niu Ciqiong， Yuan Linxi， Liu Juantao， Liu Zhikui， Li Quan. Effects of soil applied selenium on selenium content and quality of‘Gala’apple fruits[J]. China Fruits， 2020(1)： 27-30.

[12] Zhou Yuliu， Jing Aohang， Han Yanying， Liu Shuang， Wang Xiu， Tong Lingchen， Huang Wenqiang， Ye Yanhui. Effects of foliar fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of Xiangfu in Linzhi，Xizang[J]. Journal of Fruit Science， 2026， 43(1)： 26-38.

[13] Qi Xiaochen， Jian Zaihai， Zhang Qi， Song Shangwei. Effects of foliar application of selenium on selenium and heavy metal contents and fruit quality in sweet cherry[J]. Journal of Fruit Science， 2019， 36(6)： 748-754.

[14] Wang Mei， Niu Xiaopei， Ma Chaoxi， Zhang Yueling， Li Ming， Liu Xingming. Effects of exogenous selenium on selenium content and quality of‘Summer Black’grapes[J]. Northern Horticulture， 2025(4)： 68-75.

[15] Gong Hongjuan， Jiang Qiaosheng， Ye Kaiyu， Li Jiewei， Mo Quanhui， Liu Pingping， Wang Faming， Qi Beibei. Effects of selenium nutrient on fruit selenium content and quality of Hongyang kiwifruit[J]. South China Fruits， 2025， 54(4)： 141-145.

[16] Yang Xingwang， Wang Zhiqiang， Duan Chenlei， Wang Yingying， Xue Guihong， Pang Lingzhi， Shi Meng， Ji Xiaohao， Zhang Deyan， Wang Xiaodi， Wang Haibo. Effects of two foliar fertilizers on fruit quality and volatile flavor compounds in Jinhuangjin peach[J]. Journal of Fruit Science， 2025， 42(5)： 993-1002.

[17] Li Wei， Wang Zijun， Sun Haochen， Wang Shiyao， Chen Doudou， Xiong Yao， Li Hui， Wang Yi， Han Zhenhai. Advances in multi-omics-based elucidation of traits and molecular breeding in apple[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University， 2025， 30(10)： 121-134.

[18] China Apple Industry Association， National Apple Industry Technology System . Overview of apple industry development in 2022 (1)[J]. China Fruit & Vegetable， 2024， 44(3)： 1-9.

[19] Ding Xinyu， Li Shikui， Liu Zhixin， Jia Peng， Chen Liying， Qi Guohui. Effect of soil application of selenium-enriched organic fertilizer on quality and antioxidant of walnut nuts[J]. Forest Research， 2026， 39(2)： 80-92.

[20] GB 5009.93- 2017 National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Selenium in Food[S].

[21] Sun Wendan， Meng Qiang， Wang Jingchao， Yu Yanping， Tian Jing， Yu Jun， Shang Shanshan， Zhang Juan. Determination of organic selenium and inorganic selenium in cereal by atomic fluorescence spectrometry[J]. Fertilizer & Health， 2021， 48(6)： 69-73.

[22] Tang Xin， Wang Yurong， Zhou Zhigao， Ding Changfeng， Wang Xingxiang. Dynamics of cadmium absorption and translocation patterns during whole growth period of peanut[J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences， 2025， 47(1)： 150-159.

[23] NY/T 1104- 2006 Agricultural industry standard of the people's republic of China-determination of total selenium in soil-fluorometric method[S].

[24] NY/T 3420- 2019 Agricultural industry standard of the people's republic of China-determination of available selenium in soil-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry[S].

[25] Bao Shidan. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing：China Agriculture Press， 2000： 39-271.

[26] Ning Chanjuan， Ding Ning， Wu Guoliang， Ji Aiqing， Liu Xiaohua， Yang Yanjun. Effects of different selenium spraying scheme on the fruit quality，total selenium and organic selenium contents in‘Red Fuji’apple trees[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers， 2013， 19(5)： 1109-1117.

[27] Li Zexuan， Feng Liang， Li Kaiyuan， Tang Xiaoling， Fan Shuang， Fu Yingying， Liang Xia. Enrichment patterns of selenium in tea plantation soils and tea plants[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering， 2023， 30(6)： 217-223.

[28] Deng Xiaofang， Liu Xinwei， Ye Zhijuan， Lü Chenhao， Zhang Haiqing， Huang Liqiang， Zhao Zhuqing. Effects of foliar application of selenium from different sources on the absorption and distribution of selenium in grape at different stages[J]. South China Fruits， 2018， 47(5)： 82-86.

[29] Chen Yuzhen， Shan Ruiyang， Wang Feng， Chen Changsong， You Zhiming， Ma Liting， Zang Chunrong， Yu Wenquan. Selenium absorption and transportation in plantation soil，tea leaves and brewed tea[J]. Acta Tea Sinica， 2019， 60(3)： 106-113.

[30] Zhao Xueyan， Tang Yu， Chen Zhuoling， Zhang Xueling. Study on the correlation between selenium enrichment ability of Camellia oleifera seedlings and soil selenium forms based on phosphorus selenium combination application [J]. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology， 2025， 45(7)： 46-55.

[31] Li X C， Luo Y， Zeng C S， Zhong Q L， Xiao Z Y， Mao X， Cao F L . Selenium accumulation in plant foods and selenium intake of residents in a moderately selenium-enriched area of Mingyueshan，Yichun，China[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis， 2023， 116： 105089.

[32] Hu Caixia， Liu Hongen， Li Chang， Qin Shiyu， Zhao Yuhuan， Zhang Yupeng， Liu Haiyang， Xu Jiayang， Zhao Peng， Nie Zhaojun， Wang Qiuhong. Effect of phosphorus and selenium combined application on selenium uptake，translocation and organic selenium in grain of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology， 2023， 25(11)： 182-191.

[33] Li Y Y， Yu S H， Zhou X B . Effects of phosphorus on absorption and transport of selenium in rice seedlings[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research， 2019， 26(14)： 13755-13761.

[34] Zhou Cheng. Effects of fertilizer application on cadmium and selenium transport and accumulation in soil-rice system with high geological background levels[D]. Hangzhou： Zhejiang University， 2024.

[35] Ling Li， Zhai Hui， Zhang Yunshu， Shao Huawei， Tang Guangmu， Ge Chunhui， Xu Wanli， Yang Jianjun. Effects of exogenous selenium on its uptake and translocation in rice[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences， 2025， 62(1)： 103-109.

[36] Zhang H Q， Zhao Z Q， Zhang X， Zhang W， Huang L Q， Zhang Z Z， Yuan L X， Liu X W . Effects of foliar application of selenate and selenite at different growth stages on selenium accumulation and speciation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) [J]. Food Chemistry， 2019， 286： 550-556.

[37] Aly R A M， Abdel-Halim K Y . Effect of bio-fertilizer and foliar spray of selenium of growth，yield and quality of potato plants[J]. Academic Journal of Life Sciences， 2020， 6(1)： 1-7.

[38] Li Huifeng， Huang Yongmei， Li Yanqing， Hua Jinfeng， Liao Jinxiu， Chen Tianyuan. Absorption and accumulation of selenium in two kinds of tuber flesh color sweetpotato varieties[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences， 2021， 34(3)： 566-574.

[39] Nasser V G， Visôtto L E， De Aquino L Â， Novais R F， Gomes M H F， Soares F S C， De Carvalho H W P . Efficiency of application of selenium in biofortification of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) [J]. Potato Research， 2023， 66(3)： 683-700.

[40] Si Zhenxing， Liang Zhizhe， Qian Jiancai， Xu Zicheng， Li Junling， Zhang Yudan， Zhang Li， Jia Wei. Research progress on absorption，transportation and metabolism mechanism of selenium in plants[J]. Crops， 2023(2)： 1-9.

[41] Hadrup N， Ravn-haren G . Toxicity of repeated oral intake of organic selenium，inorganic selenium，and selenium nanoparticles：A review[J]. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology， 2023， 79： 127235.

[42] Zhang K， Zhao Q Y， Zhan T F， Han Y S， Tang C H， Zhang J M . Effect of different selenium sources on growth performance，tissue selenium content，meat quality，and selenoprotein gene expression in finishing pigs[J]. Biological Trace Element Research， 2020， 196(2)： 463-471.

[43] Chen Z N， Lu Y Q， Dun X L， Wang X F， Wang H Z . Research progress of selenium-enriched foods[J]. Nutrients， 2023， 15(19)： 4189.

[44] Li Yumei， Wang Genlin， Li Yan， Liu Zhengyu， Sun Lei， Wei Dan. Organic selenium absorption and accumulation of rice[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin， 2017， 33(10)： 7-11.

[45] Wang X， Hussain B， Xin X P， Zou T， Huang X W， Cheng L P， Wu Z W， Yang Y， Li Y Y， He Z L， Lian J P， White J C， Yang X E . Fate and physiological effects of foliar selenium nanoparticles in wheat[J]. ACS Nano， 2025， 19(23)： 21792-21806.

[46] Zhang Dan， Chen Lu， Mao Jipeng， Zhu Yukun， Wang Xiaoling， Gao Zhu. Research progress on selenium biofortification and its effects in horticultural crops[J]. Jiangxi Science， 2025， 43(5)： 884-890.

[47] Tang Pengxing， Yan Jiali， Zhao Min， Tu Shuxin. Study of absorption and antioxidant response in excised pear tree leaves to different forms of selenium[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin， 2025， 41(10)： 72-80.

[48] Su Ning， Xie Huichun， Jiang Liling， Qiao Feng， Zheng Wancai， Li Juan， Wang Rong， Geng Guigong. Effects of photocarbon core fertilizer on soil nutrients and selenium absorption and transport of highland barley[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences， 2025， 53(4)： 64-72.

[49] LI Shenghui， JIANG Daihua， YU Fengyuan， ZHANG Yu. Screening of selenium-resistant strains in soil and evaluation of selenium activation ability[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science， 2022， 53(3)： 558-566.

[50] Lei Z， Wang H X， Zhang H， Liu W J， He Z Y， Wang Z， Zhang H， Wang Y， Tang Y N， Hu C X， Zhao X H . Sultr1;2-mediated recruitment of selenium-oxidizing bacteria promotes plant selenium uptake [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry， 2025， 73(22)： 13313-13326.

基金资助

河北省自然科学基金项目(C2023204128)