早熟核桃新品种蜀香早的选育

Breeding of a new early-maturing walnut cultivar Shuxiangzao

摘要

蜀香早是从四川省丘陵区三台县实生核桃优树中选育的成熟期早、丰产性好、适应性强、适宜鲜食的核桃新品种。该品种坚果椭圆形，去皮鲜果质量24.2 g，干果平均质量15.4 g，核仁质量8.8 g，壳厚1.2 mm，出仁率57.1%。壳面较光滑，刻窝较深、刻纹少，三径均值36.55 mm。缝合线平，结合紧密。核仁脂肪含量（ w，后同）62.1%，蛋白质含量15.4%。核仁饱满，褐黄色，口感香而回甘，无涩味。在四川绵阳，该品种于3月中旬萌芽，4月上旬进入雌花盛期，雌雄同株异花，雄先型，7月下旬成熟，成熟期较对照品种提前约20 d。青果对细菌性黑斑病的感病率较低。坚果空壳率和破损率低，较耐储藏。与铁核桃砧木嫁接亲和力强，适宜在四川盆地土层较深厚的低山丘陵区及气候相似区栽植。5年生砧木嫁接后，第2年试花挂果，第5年冠幅投影产量380 g·m^-2，每666.7 m²产量118.5 kg；第13年冠幅投影产量930 g·m^-2，每666.7 m²产量227.4 kg。

Abstract

Shuxiangzao is a newly developed walnut ( Juglans regia) cultivar selected from superior seeding trees in the hilly regions of Santai County of Sichuan’s hilly region. It exhibits early maturation, high yield, strong adaptability, and good fresh-eating quality. Since 2004, a program was implemented to select superior genotypes from local walnut ( Juglans regia) resources in Santai County, Sichuan Province. During surveys in Liuquan Village, Shian Town, a superior seedling tree was identified, exhibiting early maturation, high yield, strong adaptability, and good fresh-eating quality. Through multi-year comparative observations, its cloned progeny demonstrated consistent performance with the mother tree, including low kernel astringency, notable resistance to walnut black spot disease (caused by Marssonina juglandis), and stable early maturation. The cultivar was officially recognized and registered by the Forest Variety Approval Committee of Sichuan Province in 2025. Shuxiangzao is vigorous with an open, semi-circular crown. Its odd-pinnate compound leaves are 40-65 cm long and consist of 7-9 leaflets. Pistillate flowers are borne in clusters of 1-3. The fruits are predominantly double-nutted, and the pericarp surface shows conspicuous white dots. The nut is elliptical in shape. The peeled fresh nut weighs 24.2 g, the dry nut 15.4 g, and the kernel 8.8 g. The shell thickness is 1.2 mm, yielding a kernel extraction rate of 57.1%. The shell surface is relatively smooth with deep grooves and sparse reticulation patterns. The arithmetic mean of the three principal diameters (length, width, and height) is 36.55 mm. The suture line is flush with the shell surface, demonstrating tight adherence between the two shell halves. The kernel has a fat content of 62.1% and a protein content of 15.4%. It is plump with a uniform brownish-yellow color and has a fragrant, lingering sweetness without perceptible astringency. In Mianyang, Sichuan, the pistillate flowers of this cultivar bloom in mid-March, and the fruit mature in late July, approximately 20 days earlier than the control cultivar (Chuanzao No.1). Black spot disease caused by anthracnose is relatively mild. The shell rate and damage rate are low, and the nuts are relatively resistant to storage. The cultivar shows high graft compatibility with Juglans sigillata rootstocks. It is suitable for cultivation in low mountainous and hilly areas with deep soil in the Sichuan Basin, as well as in other climatically similar regions. Grafted onto 5-year-old rootstocks, it begins to flower and fruit in the second year. By the fifth year, the yield reached 380 g·m ^-2 of canopy projection area, equivalent to 118.5 kg per mu or 1 777.5 kg·hm ^-2. By the thirteenth year, the yield increased to 930 g·m ^-2 (227.4 kg per mu or 3411 kg·hm ^-2). The pollination varieties can be selected from local walnuts or other cultivars with similar flowering periods. The recommended ratio of the main cultivar to the pollinizer trees is 10∶1. The trees can be of the open-pyramidal type or the three-layer open-pyramidal type. The initial pruning height should be 80-120 cm. Orchards should maintain favorable soil moisture and fertility conditions, with weeds controlled through regular weeding or black plastic mulching. Irrigation should be applied sufficiently during spring and summer droughts and combined routinely with fertilization.

关键词

核桃 / 新品种 / 蜀香早 / 早熟

Key words

Walnut / New cultivar / Shuxiangzao / Early-maturity

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基金资助

四川省省级科研院所基本科研业务费(2024JBKY05)

2025年林草科技创新团队项目(2025LCTD010103)