灌溉模式对幼龄杏树光合特性及果实品质的影响

Effects of irrigation mode on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of apricot

摘要

【目的】系统探讨井式灌溉、滴灌与漫灌3种灌溉模式对轮台白杏生长、光合作用及果实品质的影响，旨在筛选出适宜干旱地区杏树节水增效的灌溉方案。【方法】以4年生轮台白杏为试材，采用裂区设计，设置井式灌溉、滴灌、漫灌3种灌溉模式，每种模式分别设置高、中、低3个灌水水平，共9个处理，并测定相关指标。【结果】滴灌中水量处理（DW2，230 m³·666.7 m^-2）在节水与综合效益方面表现最优，其叶面积、 Pnmax、光饱和点、单果质量与滴灌高水量处理（DW1，310 m³·666.7 m^-2）相近，但均低于漫灌高水量处理（MW1，500 m³·666.7 m^-2）；DW2的SPAD值与DW1、MW1均无显著差异；DW2的气孔导度低于DW1，但高于井灌处理；DW2的PSⅡ实际量子效率与MW1相近，但低于DW1；三者的电子传递速率无显著差异。此外，MW1的维生素C含量显著高于DW2，DW2较DW1减少25.8%，较MW1降低54%，且显著优于井灌处理。【结论】在轮台地区4年生杏树栽培中，滴灌模式下230~310 m³·666.7 m^-2的中高灌溉量区间为实现节水与增效协同的可行范围。

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】Xinjiang is a pivotal region for apricot cultivation. However, agricultural water use has become an increasingly pressing issue due to severe aridity and irrational water resource utilization structure. Traditional flood irrigation tends to cause substantial water evaporation, soil structural degradation, and resource waste, while drip irrigation technology provides a feasible solution for improving water use efficiency. Furthermore, well irrigation minimizes surface evaporation by delivering water directly to the root zone. This experiment investigates the effects of different irrigation regimes on the leaf characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of Prunus armeniaca ‘Luntaibaixing’. The objective is to determine an optimal irrigation strategy that achieves water conservation and improves efficiency for apricot production in arid regions. 【Methods】The test material was ‘Luntaibaixing’, with a tree age of 4 years and uniform growth. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the Institute of Fruits and Vegetables, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located in Haerbake Township, Luntai County, Xinjiang. A split-plot design was adopted, where the main-plot factor was irrigation mode (well irrigation, drip irrigation, and flood irrigation) and the sub-plot factor was irrigation volume. Three irrigation levels were established: high (W1), medium (W2), and low (W3), resulting in a total of nine treatment combinations. Each treatment was replicated three times, and six apricot trees per plot were designated as the observational units. The specific irrigation quotas were defined as follows: well irrigation (JW1: 310 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, JW2: 230 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, JW3: 150 m ³·666.7 m ^-2); drip irrigation (DW1: 310 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, DW2: 230 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, DW3: 150 m ³·666.7 m ^-2); and flood irrigation (MW1: 500 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, MW2: 350 m ³·666.7 m ^-2, MW3: 200 m ³·666.7 m ^-2). 【Results】Analyses of leaf phenotype and chlorophyll content showed that the MW1 treatment achieved the best leaf growth performance, with both leaf length and leaf area significantly larger than those under other treatments. Under water-saving conditions, the DW2 treatment showed no significant difference in leaf area compared with DW1. Furthermore, its leaf length and width were comparable to those of MW1, demonstrating a strong compensatory growth effect. In contrast, the JW3 treatment had the lowest values for leaf length, leaf area, and SPAD. Light-response curves revealed that MW1 had the highest maximum net photosynthetic rate ( Pn max) and light saturation point (LSP), indicating superior photosynthetic potential. Despite reduced water application, DW2 exhibited maximum Pn, LSP, and electron transport rate (ETR) values comparable to those of DW1 and MW1. This suggests that DW2 would maintain high photochemical efficiency and robust photosynthetic capacity even under water-saving constraints. In contrast, the Pn max and LSP of JW3 were approximately 24.7% and 30.7% lower than those of MW1, respectively. Similarly, compared with MW1, MW3 showed an approximate 18.3% reduction in Pn max and 9.4% reduction in LSP. Fruit quality assessments indicated that the MW1 treatment resulted in the optimal single fruit weight, along with the highest levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C. However, this treatment requires substantial water consumption. Notably, DW2 maintained fruit quality comparable to that of the high-water treatments, demonstrating excellent water use efficiency. Photosynthetic fluorescence parameters were significantly correlated with the contents of soluble solids, total phenols, and flavonoids. These correlations indicate that photosynthetic efficiency directly affects the accumulation of sugars and secondary metabolites (such as phenols and flavonoids) in fruits, and these components are essential for fruit nutrition and sensory quality. In addition, ΦPSⅡ was positively correlated with the soluble solids content, indicating that higher photosynthetic efficiency directly promoted the accumulation of sugar in the fruit. While there was a substantial disparity in fruit quality between JW1 and MW1, JW1 was more comparable to DW2. Although differences persisted: JW1 exhibited lower fruit firmness, soluble solid concentration, and total phenol concentration compared with DW2, with reductions of 18.8%, 7.8%, and 17.6%, respectively. 【Conclusion】The combination of drip irrigation with a medium-high irrigation volume range (230-310 m ³·666.7 m ^-2) achieves an optimal balance between water conservation and production efficiency, and is identified as the superior irrigation strategy for apricot cultivation in arid regions. This approach sustains vigorous vegetative growth and high fruit quality while significantly cutting water consumption, demonstrating superior water use efficiency. Future experiments should focus on further refining irrigation regimes within this volume range to support the sustainable development of the apricot industry.

关键词

轮台白杏 / 灌溉模式 / 光合特性 / 叶绿素荧光 / 果实品质

Key words

Prunus armeniaca ‘Luntaibaixing’ / Irrigation modes / Photosynthetic characteristics / Chlorophyll fluorescence / Fruit quality

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基金资助

自治区重大科技专项项目-新疆杏种质创新与优良新品种选育(2023A02008-1)

特色果树种质资源鉴定评价与肥水药高效管理技术研究(20244BDF60012)