中熟甜樱桃新品种春煦的选育

Breeding report of a new mid-ripening sweet cherry cultivar Chunxu

摘要

为缓解我国甜樱桃主栽品种老化、生态适应性差、裂果严重等问题，以先锋自然杂交实生后代为育种群体，经连续单株优选、高接扩繁及多年多点区域试验，决选出优系25-37。该品系果实肾形，完全成熟时果皮紫红色，色泽亮丽，平均单果质量9.5 g，果实可溶性固形物含量（ w，后同）19.90%，总糖含量14.48%，可滴定酸含量0.69%，维生素C含量为16.23 mg·100 g^-1，果肉硬度0.69 kg·cm^-2。25-37基因型为 S1 S3，自花不实，种植时需配置授粉品种；树姿半直立，成枝力中等，早果丰产。在郑州地区，该品种于5月18日成熟，畸形果率低，抗裂果，商品果率高。2010-2020年在河南、山东、甘肃等不同生态区进行评价，其生物学性状、果实品质及丰产稳定性表现一致。该品种适宜在我国中西部暖温带地区种植推广，为甜樱桃品种结构优化与高效栽培提供了新的种质支撑。

Abstract

Chunxu is a high-quality and mid-maturing sweet cherry cultivar characterized by strong resistance to cracking and a low rate of malformed fruit, originating from the open-pollinated progeny of the commercial sweet cherry cultivar Van. In May 2002, more than 800 open-pollinated seeds were collected from Van and stratified at 4 ℃. In spring 2003, the seeds were sown in greenhouses and nurseries, producing about 200 seedlings. These seedlings were transplanted to the cherry breeding nursery of Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in spring 2004. In 2007, when the seedlings started flowering and fruiting, the superior individual coded as 25-37 was initially selected and top-grafted in the variety resource nursery for propagation. After continuous phenotypic and pomological evaluations from 2008 to 2010, 25-37 showed excellent fruit quality, early fruiting, high and stable yield, and strong stress resistance. In 2010, it was identified as an elite line, propagated by grafting onto ZY-1 rootstock, and planted in regional trials at five key sweet cherry production sites: Xinzheng of Zhengzhou, Tangyin of Anyang, Mianchi of Sanmenxia, Tianshui of Gansu and Yuncheng of Shanxi. For years, its biological traits, fruiting habits, yield capacity, and fruit quality remained consistent and stable across all trial locations. In May 2021, it was officially approved and named Chunxu by the Henan Provincial Forest Tree Variety Examination and Approval Committee, with the registration code Yu S-SV-PV-007-2021. Chunxu exhibits a semi-upright tree habit, moderate branching, and robust tree growth. The branches from the previous year are sturdy, and perennial branches show a reddish-brown color. The leaves are flat, featuring a broad cuneate base, an acuminate apex, and coarse serrated edges; the average petiole length measures 3.2 cm, with 2-3 medium-sized light red nectaries. The flower buds are pink, the petals are white and oval-shaped, and the corolla has a medium to large diameter. The fruit is kidney-shaped, featuring a bright purplish-red peel and flesh when fully ripe. The average weight of a single fruit is 9.5 grams, significantly higher than that of the control cultivars Zaodaguo (7.5 grams) and Hongdeng (7.3 grams). The fruit stalk measures 3.2 centimeters in length and detaches from the fruit with moderate difficulty. The rate of malformed fruit is nearly 0, which is considerably lower than the 20%-40% rates seen in Zaodaguo and Hongdeng, ensuring a high commercial fruit yield. The fruit quality is exceptional: the soluble solid content reaches 19.9%, the total sugar content is 14.48%, the titratable acid content is 0.69%, the vitamin C content is 16.23 mg·100 g ^-1, and the flesh firmness is 0.69 kg·cm ^-2. Compared to control varieties, its soluble solids content is 5.5% higher than that of Zaodaguo and 4.4% higher than Hongdeng, resulting in a delightful sweet-sour flavor. In Zhengzhou, Chunxu blossoms germinate in early March, begin initial flowering on March 27, and reach full bloom from March 28 to April 3, with a flowering duration of 6-8 days. The fruits mature around May 18, after a development period of approximately 48 days, and the plant enters dormancy in late November, with a total growth period of about 270 days. It is self-incompatible, having an S-genotype of S1 S3, thus necessitating pollinizers. Young trees start to bear fruit in the third year after planting and enter the full fruiting stage in the fifth year, yielding over 1200 kg per 666.7 square meters. Young trees primarily bear fruit on medium-long fruiting branches, whereas mature trees mainly produce fruit on spurs and axillary flower buds of medium-long branches. It possesses strong resistance to cracking and can tolerate high temperatures during the differentiation of flower buds, resulting in a low rate of malformed fruit. Additionally, it exhibits some resistance to common diseases; however, precautions should be taken against gummosis, root collar rot, and crown gall. The firm flesh ensures good storability and transportability, with a long shelf life, and fruit quality remains stable during storage. It is suitable for planting in warm-temperate regions of central and western China, such as Henan, Shandong, and Gansu provinces, where it has shown stable performance in regional trials. Orchards should be established in sunny, wind-protected areas with access to irrigation, using a planting density of 2 to 2.5 meters by 4 to 4.5 meters. Suitable rootstocks include ZY-1, Gisela 6, Mahaleb, and Daqingye, with grafting is performed in spring or autumn for high survival rates. Tree shapes can be central leader, modified spindle, or slender spindle. Young trees require light pruning and branch spreading to encourage early fruiting; mature trees need pruning of old branches to prevent fruiting position migration. Base fertilizer, such as rotten organic fertilizer, is applied in autumn, with additional nitrogen and trace elements after flowering and before harvest. Irrigation should be coordinated with fertilization: young trees need frequent and light watering, while mature trees require water at pre-germination/flowering, stone-hardening, and fruit enlargement stages; overwintering water must be ample. Micro-sprinkler irrigation is recommended during high-temperature flowering to lower orchard temperatures.

关键词

甜樱桃 / 新品种 / 春煦 / 中熟

Key words

Sweet cherry / New cultivar / Chunxu / Mid-ripening

参考文献

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基金资助

河南省重点研发与推广专项（科技攻关）项目(242102111153)

中国农业科学院科技创新工程专项(CAAS-ASTIP-2020-ZFRI)

中国农业科学院中原研究中心全重实验室“新翼”青创计划项目(ZYZX20240305)