出苗期移栽对柑橘枳砧生长发育及成本效益的影响

Effects of transplanting at the seedling emergence stage on the growth and cost-benefit of Poncirus trifoliata

摘要

【目的】构建一种节约材料、减少人工、降低成本的健壮柑橘枳砧培育新方法。【方法】以秋季播种嫩籽于育苗基质，翌年3月下旬至4月上旬移栽的常规柑橘枳砧培育方法为对照（CK）；以秋季播种嫩籽于蛭石，出苗后直接移栽的柑橘枳砧培育方法为处理。比较两种方法在出苗、株高、茎粗、分枝数、叶片数、叶形、叶面积、根系形态、生物量、根系活力、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ ΦPSⅡ）、光下最大光化学效率（ Fv'/ Fm'）、非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）等参数的变化及成本主要差异。【结果】采用出苗期移栽方法培育的柑橘枳砧，出苗更加整齐，出苗率更高。播种390 d，株高、茎粗、分枝数、叶片数、地上部分鲜质量显著提高；叶宽、叶面积极显著增大；叶长、总根长、根表面积、根尖数、地下部分鲜质量、地上部分干质量、地下部分干质量、总鲜质量、总干质量、根系活力均提高，根平均直径减小，但均无显著差异；根冠比相同。在09:00-11:00，处理组 ΦPSⅡ、 Fv′/ Fm′高于CK，NPQ低于CK。培育30万株枳砧，可节约直接成本8.31万元。出苗期移栽方法培育的柑橘枳砧表现出更优的生长发育特征，更强的生理活力，更高的产出效益。【结论】在苗圃面积允许的前提下，宜优先选择出苗期移栽培育枳幼苗的方法。

Abstract

【Objective】The citrus industry, a vital component of global horticulture, faces persistent challenges in rootstock production. Poncirus trifoliata, the most widely utilized citrus rootstock, conventionally undergoes high-density sowing in autumn, with transplanting delayed until the following spring. This prolonged high-density growth phase often leads to suboptimal seedling development, particularly inadequate stem diameter, which reduces grafting success. This study aimed to evaluate an innovative cultivation protocol-transplanting at the seedling emergence stage-as a viable alternative. The primary objective was to conduct a holistic comparison against the conventional method, evaluate its effects on morphological development, physiological vitality, and economic viability, to establish an evidence-based protocol for producing high-quality rootstocks. 【Methods】The control group (CK) followed standard nursery practices: seeds were sown in beds filled with a commercial nursery substrate. For the experimental treatment, seeds were sown in seedling trays filled with vermiculite. The key difference between treatments was the timing of transplanting seedlings into their final nursery pots. CK seedlings underwent this process 240 days after sowing, in late March to early April, which aligns with common commercial production practices. In contrast, the treated seedlings were transplanted immediately after emergence, once they reached approximately 3 cm in height, and this entire process was completed within a few weeks of sowing in August. Both groups were subsequently maintained under identical, optimal growth conditions, including following a standardized fertigation schedule. A comprehensive dataset was collected periodically until 390 days after sowing. This dataset included quantitative metrics for emergence, growth (height, stem diameter and branching), leaf development (number, size and area), and root system architecture, all of which were analyzed through digital scanning. We assessed plant vitality by measuring biomass partitioning (the fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots), as well as key physiological indicators such as root activity and in situ chlorophyll fluorescence ( ΦPSⅡ, Fv'/ Fm', NPQ). A detailed activity-based cost analysis was performed, considering material inputs (substrate and vermiculite) and labor time for sowing and transplanting operations, with all data normalized to the cost of producing 10 000 viable seedlings. 【Results】This treatment method demonstrated clear superiority across multiple dimensions, with significant improvements observed during the seedling emergence phase. The treatment group initiated emergence 1-2 days earlier and achieved a final stand establishment rate of 76.75%, which was substantially higher than the control's 63.25%. This suggests that the vermiculite medium would provide a more favorable germination microenvironment. Morphologically, the advantages were profound and sustained. From the initial measurement at 90 days until the study concluded at 390 days, treatment seedlings consistently exhibited greater plant height, stem diameter (critical for grafting at both 1.5 cm and 10 cm heights), and branch number. This consistent lead indicated a powerful early start that was maintained over time. Leaf development followed suit, with the treatment producing significantly more, larger leaves. This is evidenced by the significantly greater leaf width and area measured in mature functional leaves at 390 days. The treatment group showed an early advantage in terms of root growth, with significantly greater total root length, surface area, and number of root tips at 90 and 240 days. Although the CK seedlings exhibited compensatory root growth after delayed transplanting, which narrowed the gap by 390 days, the initial advantage of the treatment group in root architecture likely contributed to its sustained aboveground vigor. Biomass accumulation mirrored these trends, with the treatment producing significantly more total biomass (in terms of both fresh and dry weight) at the early and mid-growth stages. By the end of the trial, the treatment group maintained a significant advantage in aboveground fresh mass, while other biomass metrics showed a positive, though not statistically significant, trend. Physiological assessments provided further evidence of enhanced vitality. Root activity was higher in the treatment group. More importantly, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics measured during the peak photoperiod (09:00-11:00 am) revealed that treated seedlings operated with higher photochemical efficiency ( ΦPSⅡ, Fv'/ Fm') while dissipating less excess energy as heat (lower NPQ). This indicates a more efficient, less stressed photosynthetic apparatus that is capable of utilizing light more effectively for growth, rather than for photoprotection. Our economic analysis provided a compelling case for adoption. Using vermiculite for sowing and transplanting tiny, easy-to-handle seedlings dramatically simplified the process and resulted in substantial labor savings. The largest cost savings came from the transplanting operation itself: handling young seedlings reduced labor time by 37.85% (saving 26.8 seconds per plant). Overall, it was calculated that producing 10 000 seedlings with the tested treatment cost 18 780 yuan, compared with 21 550 yuan for the CK, representing a direct cost saving of 2770 yuan. 【Conclusion】This study provides conclusive evidence that transplanting at the seedling emergence stage is superior.

关键词

枳 / 砧木繁育 / 植物生理 / 成本效益分析 / 苗圃管理

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年基金项目C类(32502608)

岳麓山实验室联合引进人才项目一类(2024RC2007)

湖南省芙蓉计划科技领军人才项目(2025RC1054)