授粉方式对设施内甜樱桃自花结实品种坐果、品质及授粉成本的影响

Effect of pollination methods on fruit set, quality and pollination costs of a self-fertile sweet cherry variety under protected cultivation

摘要

【目的】探究不同授粉方式对设施内自花结实性品种7-2-9坐果率、果实品质、激素含量及授粉成本的影响，为设施甜樱桃自花结实性品种的高效栽培与推广应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以7-2-9为材料，设置对照、人工授粉、植物生长调节剂处理和蜜蜂授粉4种授粉方式，在花期分别对其进行授粉，并分析各授粉方式对其坐果率、果实品质、激素含量及授粉成本的影响。【结果】不同授粉方式对7-2-9生长发育及授粉成本的影响具有显著差异。人工授粉与植物生长调节剂处理均显著提高坐果率，但植物生长调节剂处理会导致果柄变长、果实无种子，且授粉用时较长、成本较高；蜜蜂授粉显著降低果实的内在品质，且授粉成本相对较高；人工授粉在显著提高坐果率的同时，对果实品质的负面影响较小，且授粉成本较低。【结论】人工授粉综合表现最优，能有效提高坐果率、保障果实品质且授粉成本较低，适宜作为设施甜樱桃自花结实品种7-2-9的主要授粉方式。本研究明确了不同授粉方式的综合表现，为设施甜樱桃高效授粉技术的选择提供了理论依据，但不同授粉方式对激素含量的调控机制仍有待深入研究。

Abstract

【Objective】The effects of different pollination methods on the fruit set rate, fruit quality, endogenous hormone levels, and economic costs of the self-fertile sweet cherry cultivar 7-2-9 under greenhouse cultivation were investigated. Based on this premise, multiple pollination treatments, including manual pollination using a feather duster, plant growth regulator application, bee pollination, and a non-assisted control, were established to comparatively analyze the physiological and developmental responses during fruit set and growth. The study focused on evaluating differences in fruit set stability, fruit size, soluble solid content, coloration traits, and the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins under different pollination conditions. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of labor input, operational costs, and overall economic efficiency associated with each pollination strategy was conducted to reflect their practical applicability in greenhouse production systems. The results further revealed both commonalities and differences among treatments in terms of improving fertilization efficiency, regulating fruit developmental synchronization, and enhancing fruit commercial quality. This work provides a scientific and technical basis for optimizing pollination management strategies under protected sweet cherry cultivation and supports the large-scale promotion of self-fertile cultivars in controlled environments.【Methods】The 8-year-old self-fertile sweet cherry cultivar 7-2-9 ( Prunus avium L.), grafted on Jingchun 2, was selected as the experimental material at the Tongzhou Cherry Base of the Forestry and Fruit Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions (15-22 ℃, 50%-70% RH), where four pollination treatments were established: natural self-pollination (CK), hand pollination (HP) with feather dusters, plant growth regulator treatment (PGRT) involving a multi-component solution including GA ₃, 6-BA, and NAA, and bee pollination (BP) using Apis mellifera ligustica. To ensure experimental precision, isolating nets were employed for CK, HP, and PGRT until fruit set was stable. The self-fertility of 7-2-9 was first validated through pollen germination assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi SU-8010) to assess pollen morphology and uniformity. During the reproductive stages, the fruit set rate was calculated by monitoring flower and fruit counts on representative primary branches. Upon fruit maturity, physical quality traits (weight, shape index, and firmness) were measured using analytical balances, calipers, and the Firmtech FT-7 tester, while nutritional components (anthocyanins, VC, total phenols, and flavonoids) were quantified via colorimetric and enzymatic assays. Furthermore, endogenous hormone levels (IAA, CTKs, GA, SA, and JA) were determined using an LC-MS/MS system (ExionLC ^TM AD UPLC coupled with QTRAP ^® 6500+), with samples stored at -80 ℃. Additionally, a standardized cost-benefit model was constructed to calculate pollination time, labor expenses (20 RMB/h), and material inputs per 666.7 m ². Finally, all data were processed using SPSS 22.0 for one-way ANOVA and LSD tests, with graphical visualizations generated using GraphPad Prism 8.0.2.【Results】Significant differences were observed in the growth, development, fruit quality, and economic costs of greenhouse-cultivated 7-2-9 sweet cherries under different pollination treatments. Pollen assays and two-year field identification confirmed that 7-2-9 was a self-fertile cultivar with high pollen viability and a stable self-pollination fruit set rate (46.00%-58.00%). Compared with the control, both hand pollination (HP) and plant growth regulator treatment (PGRT) significantly increased the fruit set rate, whereas bee pollination (BP) showed a limited promoting effect. Morphologically, PGRT induced pedicel elongation and inhibited endocarp development, resulting in seedless fruits with smaller endocarps, whereas HP and BP maintained fruit traits similar to those of the control. Regarding internal quality, PGRT optimized the sugar-acid ratio by reducing acidity, whereas HP significantly enhanced nutritional quality, producing the highest concentrations of anthocyanins (0.68 mg·g ^-1) and ascorbic acid (0.34 mg·g ^-1). Physiological analysis revealed that PGRT and BP decreased IAA and tZ levels, whereas PGRT significantly increased the concentrations of cytokinins (BAP), gibberellins GA ₁ and GA ₃, and JA. Finally, economic evaluation showed that PGRT incurred the highest total cost because of intensive labor and chemical inputs, followed by BP due to hive expenses. Overall, hand pollination (HP) was the most efficient strategy, significantly improving fruit set and nutritional quality with relatively low economic costs, thereby providing a balanced approach for high-quality production under protected cultivation.【Conclusion】Different pollination methods had significant effects on the fruit set rate, fruit quality, and economic costs of the self-fertile sweet cherry 7-2-9 under protected cultivation. Both hand pollination (HP) and plant growth regulator treatment (PGRT)

关键词

甜樱桃 / 授粉方式 / 自花结实 / 坐果率 / 果实品质 / 授粉成本

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基金资助

北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20240405)

北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20260920)