Superconducting quantum computing has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to practical quantum computation, owing to its excellent scalability, strong coupling characteristics, and compatibility with microelectronic fabrication processes. Significant progress has been made in recent years: qubit coherence times have been improved by nearly six orders of magnitude, single-qubit gate fidelities exceed 99.9%, and integration scales have surpassed the thousand-qubit threshold. A systematic review of the key technologies and development trajectories of superconducting quantum computing chips is provided. The physical mechanisms of superconducting qubits, the theoretical framework of circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), and the nonlinear effects of Josephson junctions are analyzed. Key technological advances in materials and process optimization, high-fidelity quantum state manipulation and measurement, system integration, and calibration are discussed. Furthermore, the role of novel qubit architectures and noise-resistant designs such as gap engineering in enabling large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing is highlighted.
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