1 School of Energy Resources,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China
2 Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute,Shengli Oil field Company,Sinopec,Shandong Dongying 257015,China
3 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China
KONG Xiangxin, born in 1990, is an associate professor, and specializes in fine-grained sedimentology and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail: kongxx@cugb.edu.cn.
ZHENG Kai,born in 1999,is a master’s degree candidate primarily engaged in the study of sedimentology. E-mail: kaizheng0127@163.com.
Several hundred meters of organic-rich shale are developed in the upper 4th Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang sub-sag of the Dongying sag,Bohai Bay Basin. This shale formation occurred during a critical period of climate fluctuations in the Middle Eocene in East Asia. However,the sedimentary evolution of this shale and its organic matter enrichment mechanisms in response to climate changes remain insufficiently studied. Through core and thin section observations,as well as organic and elemental geochemical analyses,we explore the mechanisms of organic matter enrichment under climatic constraints. Based on lithofacies assemblages and geochemical parameters,the study interval is divided into three stages: The first stage was characterized by a relatively dry and cold climate,with an average Total Organic Carbon(TOC)content of 2.52%. This stage featured rhythmically layered,dolomitic,fine-grained sedimentary rocks with moderate organic matter content and high-organic-matter rhythmic layered mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The second stage experienced a relatively warm and humid climate,with an average TOC of 3.29%. It was marked by the development of high-organic-matter rhythmically layered quartz-containing calcareous fine-grained sedimentary rocks and high-organic-matter rhythmically layered mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The third stage was a warm and humid period,with an average TOC of 2.78%. This stage was characterized by the development of high-organic-matter non-rhythmically layered mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks and medium-to high-organic-matter rhythmically layered quartz-containing fine-grained calcareous sedimentary rocks. A sedimentary model for the Upper Fourth Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang sub-sag has been established based on lithofacies assemblages and trends in sedimentary environment changes. Under relatively warm and humid climates,moderate terrestrial input can bring terrestrial detrital organic matter and nutrients to the lake basin,which is beneficial for organic matter enrichment. Conversely,under relatively dry and cold climates,shallow water with high salinity can inhibit the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Under warm and humid climates,excessive terrestrial input can dilute the organic matter concentration in water and introduce large amounts of oxygen,both of which are unfavorable for organic matter enrichment. This study provides valuable insights into the analysis of geological sweet spot analysis of organic-rich shale in continental faulted lake basins in eastern China.
页岩有机质的富集程度是表征页岩油气勘探潜力的重要指标之一(姜在兴等,2013;郭旭升等,2023;孙龙德等,2023)。页岩有机质富集受控于原始生产力、保存条件和无机物质的稀释等条件,这些因素又进一步受沉积环境和气候变化的约束,特别是地质时期发生的关键气候转变与地质环境突变等事件(王成善和胡修棉,2005;Katz and Lin,2014;黎茂稳等,2020;邱振和邹才能,2020)。因此,厘清页岩有机质富集时期的气候及环境条件的演化特征是理解有机质富集机制的重要前提。
中始新世是新生代全球和东亚地区气候转变的关键阶段,其结束了早始新世的全球极端高温并开启了漫长的全球变冷过程(Zachos et al., 2001;Westerhold et al., 2020),该时期东亚地区的干湿气候分带发生了意义深远的变化,东部中、低纬度地区的气候出现了由干旱向湿润的转变,似季风气候可能在中始新世东亚地区初步发育(Licht et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2022;Kong et al., 2024)。这一时期在中国中东部地区的湖相沉积地层中广泛发育了具有页岩油气勘探开发价值的富含有机质的碳酸盐质细粒沉积岩(姜在兴等,2021;Kong et al., 2022)。
东营凹陷中始新统沙四上亚段纯上段—沙三下亚段富有机质页岩蕴含丰富的页岩油气资源(刘惠民,2022),其有机质富集变化与富集机制长期以来一直是关注的焦点。前期研究揭示了东营凹陷页岩有机质富集变化与页岩岩相类型及其组合变化的潜在关联(Liang et al., 2017;马义权等,2017),提出氧化还原条件、湖水深度、盐度、古生产力、物质来源和古地貌等条件的波动控制了有机质的富集程度(朱光有等,2005;杜学斌等,2018;王勇等,2019),并进一步探究了海侵和火山、热液活动等可能的地质事件对页岩沉积环境和页岩物质形成的影响(万从礼等,2003;Bai et al., 2018)。近年来,米兰科维奇旋回分析开始被应用于页岩沉积研究,并提出地球轨道周期要素可能是页岩有机质富集条件变化的重要驱动力(彭军等,2022;栾旭伟等,2024)。但是,页岩的有机质含量波动并不是简单地遵循天文轨道参数的变化,而是会呈现出更为复杂的变化趋势,需要探究有机质富集时期的地质事件作用以理解在不同时期中不同尺度下影响有机质非均质富集的条件发生的原因。东营凹陷中始新统富有机质页岩大致形成于43.55—38.97 Ma,这一时期被认为经历了始新世似季风气候的发展,使得东营凹陷页岩沉积环境发生了明显的变化(Kong et al., 2023)。因此,需要从深时季风气候演变的角度出发,探究东营凹陷中始新统页岩有机质差异富集的机制。
根据前人的分析结果,东营凹陷沙四上亚段纯上段页岩发育时期大致处于始新世中期(Kong et al., 2023),结合孢粉、同位素和CIA数值等气候指标,反映了该时期整体处于气候由干旱向湿润的过渡变化阶段(雷华蕊等,2018;Wei et al., 2021;王健等,2022)。依据对东亚地区新生代不同陆相沉积的岩石类型和孢粉类型的对比以及气候模拟,揭示出始新世中晚期东亚地区已发育有类似现代的季风气候(Quan et al., 2012;Licht et al., 2014;Kong et al., 2024),因此始新世季风气候的发育可能是东营凹陷气候演变的驱动机制。前人通过对东营凹陷南、北坡滩坝沉积的古风力恢复,提出纯下段发育时期北风体系较为强劲,而纯上段发育时期北风风力开始变弱,南风风力开始不断加强(Jiang et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2018),这与纯上段气候由相对干旱向湿润转变的气候背景相一致,进一步提供了季风活动驱动区域气候变化的证据。综上所述,东营凹陷沙四上亚段纯上段页岩发育是始新世季风气候发育的响应结果。
季风气候的发育影响水体盐度、水体还原性、陆源输入强度及生产力。根据岩相组合和沉积环境变化趋势,建立牛庄洼陷沙四上亚段纯上段沉积模式,并分为3个阶段。第1阶段季风较弱,气候相对干冷,水体深度较小,相对不利于有机质的保存,但受气候逐渐变暖湿的影响水体深度持续加大,水体沉积环境逐渐缺氧,还原性由弱还原逐渐增强。相对干冷的气候导致降雨量较小,使该阶段盐度处于高值,较高的盐度会使水体出现盐度分层(孙中良等,2020),不利于藻类等水生生物的生长繁殖,导致水体生产力较低(Hao et al., 2011),古盐度参数Sr/Ba值与TOC含量呈负相关(图 10-a)。气候的干湿变化会影响陆源风化作用的强度,进而影响陆源输入作用,在相对干冷气候下陆源输入相对较弱,石英、长石和黏土等矿物以及陆源物质输入带来的有机质含量较低。第1阶段岩相组合为中有机质韵律型纹层状云质细粒沉积岩和高有机质韵律型纹层状混合细粒沉积岩互层,在高盐浅水和相对较弱陆源输入的综合作用下,该阶段有机质丰度中等偏低,干酪根类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型为主,主要发育中有机质韵律型纹层状云质细粒沉积岩,随着水体的不断加深及还原性的增强,灰质含量逐渐增加,部分发育高有机质韵律型纹层状混合细粒沉积岩(图 11-c)。
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