准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积特征及古环境恢复^*

Sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic eolian and alluvial deposits in southern margin of Junggar Basin and palaeoenvironment reconstruction

摘要

中亚内陆地区晚侏罗世气候干旱化,准噶尔盆地发育风成沉积,该风成沉积的分布范围和共存的沉积体系还有待研究。为探究该问题,作者对准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统进行了详细的沉积学考察,发现喀拉扎组风成沉积位于侏罗系—白垩系不整合面之下,沉积记录范围东西向可达100 km,最厚处约250 m,其中建功煤矿剖面的风成沉积砂体厚度十余米,受到多期砾质辫状河的冲刷。风成沙具有较好的成分成熟度和结构成熟度,以跳跃组分为主。风成沙丘具有大型高角度交错层理和反粒序层理,风成沙席发育平行层理和低角度交错层理,侧向延续性好。河流沙和同期的风成沙具有相似的粒度组成和沉积物源,古风向与河流古流向正交,这说明了风成物源来自于附近河流沙,河流沙来自于风成沙地。晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积体系受到气候干旱化和天山构造活动的控制,气候干旱导致沉积物供给减少,基准面上升,辫状河转换为季节性曲流河; 天山的构造活化导致基准面下降,在准噶尔盆地南缘风成沉积扩大,且形成广泛分布的冲积扇砾岩。准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗纪至早白垩世沉积环境发生了从沼泽遍布的河流—三角洲体系演化到风成—冲积沉积体系、再到湖泊—三角洲沉积体系的2次重要变化,记录了中亚地区晚侏罗世气候变干和早白垩世气候转为半湿润的气候变化,可能与侏罗纪真极移事件和古天山水汽阻隔有关。

Abstract

The Late Jurassic climate in Central Asia was arid. The existence of the eolian deposits of the Junggar Basin in the southern Central Asia is contentious. In order for a better understanding of these eolian deposits,here we conducted detailed sedimentary investigations on the Upper Jurassic strata of the southern Junggar Basin. The eolian deposits of the Kalazha Formation underlie the Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformity. The sedimentary records extend ~100 km from east to west. The thickest eolian deposits are ~250 m in thickness. The Jiangong mine section exhibits approximately 10-meter-thick eolian deposits and several stages of gravely braided river deposits. The eolian sands show high compositional and textural maturity and are mainly composed of saltation grains. The eolian dune deposits show large-scale,high-angle cross-bedding and inverse-grading. The eolian sheet deposits develop low-angle oblique and parallel laminations with good lateral continuity. The river sands and coeval eolian sands have similar grain-size distribution and sediment sources. The paleo-wind direction is orthogonal to the river flow direction. These suggest that the eolian sands were sourced from river sands and the river sands were partly from the eolian dune field. The eolian-fluvial system was controlled by the Late Jurassic aridification and tectonic activities of the Tianshan orogen. The aridity caused the decrease of sediment supply and the rise of the base level,which caused the expansion of the eolian deposits. The tectonic reactivation of the Tianshan led to dropping of the base level,the formation of Kalazha alluvial conglomerates. The Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous sedimentary environments of the southern Junggar Basin witnessed two important changes: the marshy fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary system changed to eolian-alluvial system,and subsequently evolved to lacustrine-delta system. These climatic changes may be related to the Jurassic true polar wander and block of the moisture by the paleo-Tianshan.

Graphical abstract

关键词

喀拉扎砾岩 / 侏罗系—白垩系不整合面 / 盆缘沉积 / 干旱环境 / 无人机建模 / 准噶尔盆地

Key words

Kalazha conglomerate / Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformity / basin margin sedimentation / arid environment / unmanned aerial vehicle modeling / Junggar Basin

0 引言

中亚和东亚的很多地区在晚中生代发生干旱化(Yi et al., 2019)。晚侏罗世旱生植物广布(Zhang et al., 2014;邓胜徽等,2015;Xie et al., 2024),准噶尔盆地南缘(Fang et al., 2016;Jolivet et al., 2017;Morin et al., 2018;Guan et al., 2024)、宁武—静乐盆地(Xu et al.,2019)和蒙阴盆地(许欢等,2013)发育风成沉积。早白垩世众多盆地形成了广泛的风成沉积(许欢等,2013),如准噶尔盆地西北缘(Guan et al.,2024)和东北缘(Eberth et al.,2001;Vincent and Allen, 2001;Xu et al., 2022)、吐哈盆地(Zhang et al.,2025)、库车盆地(梅冥相等,2004)、柴达木盆地(胡俊杰等,2018;陈政宇等,2020)、塔里木盆地西南缘(陈荣林等,1994)、民乐—张掖盆地(梅冥相和苏德辰,2014a)、兰州盆地(梅冥相和苏德辰,2014b)和白银—靖远盆地(Wang et al.,2024),鄂尔多斯盆地则发育沙漠沉积(李孝泽等,1999;Qiao et al., 2022)。位于中亚地区的准噶尔盆地受到中侏罗世晚期开始的干旱化的影响,煤层消失,出现石膏薄层,旱生植物孢子Classopollis大量增加,直至成为孢粉组合的主要组分(邓胜徽等,2015),湖泊萎缩,发育季节性曲流河、浅水三角洲、红色冲积扇砾岩和风成沉积(高志勇等,2015;Fang et al., 2016;Jolivet et al., 2017;Morin et al.,2018;关旭同等,2019;张驰等,2021;Gao et al., 2022;张昌民等,2023;Guan et al., 2024)。

在干旱气候下,准噶尔盆地发育风成沉积。Fang等(2016)发现风成沉积夹层出现在上侏罗统齐古组河流相地层中,Jolivet等(2017)在准噶尔盆地南缘头屯河剖面报道了上侏罗统喀拉扎组的风成沉积,Guan等(2022,2024)对这一区域的喀拉扎组风成砂岩进行了系统研究和沉积对比,Morin等(2018)通过沉积对比重建了晚侏罗世—早白垩世准噶尔盆地古地理,认为从古天山山前至卡拉麦里山前风成沉积广布; 一些学者提出喀拉扎组还发育季节性辫状河(高志勇等,2015)、辫状河三角洲前缘河道(司学强等,2021)或辫状河三角洲前缘河口坝沉积(Schneider et al., 1992)。

为探究风成沉积的分布范围和共存的沉积体系并重建准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世—早白垩世沉积环境,对准噶尔盆地南缘上侏罗统露头进行了沉积学分析,认为上侏罗统喀拉扎组发育风成沉积,并建立了风成—冲积体系的沉积模式,然后探讨了中亚晚侏罗世古环境和古气候。

1 地质背景

准噶尔盆地位于中亚造山带的南部,自中生代以来,被天山、西准噶尔、东准噶尔和阿尔泰造山带所包围(图1-a)。在经历了古生代的岛弧和陆块的拼合后,准噶尔盆地在早二叠世成为裂谷盆地(方世虎等,2006;Wang et al., 2018),在三叠纪至中侏罗世早期为断-拗盆地(张朝军等,2006;何登发等,2018;Wang et al., 2018),在南缘的局部地区可识别出三叠纪—侏罗纪地垒和地堑(Guan et al.,2016;Wang et al.,2018;梁则亮等,2020)。从中侏罗世晚期到晚侏罗世为压扭盆地(何登发等,2018;Peng et al.,2024),早白垩世为拗陷盆地,到晚白垩世构造背景转为挤压(Wang et al., 2018)。

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系包括下侏罗统八道湾组和三工河组、中侏罗统西山窑组和头屯河组以及上侏罗统齐古组和喀拉扎组。八道湾组岩性为灰色砂岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩及煤层,三工河组岩性为黄色砂岩和灰绿色、灰黑色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩; 西山窑组岩性为灰色砂岩和泥岩,含煤层; 头屯河组下部以灰绿色砂岩和泥岩为主,上部以紫红色砂岩和泥岩为主; 齐古组的岩性为红色砂岩和泥岩; 喀拉扎组岩性包括红色、褐绿色厚层砾岩和灰色厚层砂岩。下白垩统吐谷鲁群自下而上包括清水河组、呼图壁组、胜金口组和连木沁组,清水河组主要由灰绿色泥岩和砂岩组成,夹紫红色砂质泥岩条带; 呼图壁组岩性为紫红色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂岩,夹灰绿色薄层砂岩、石灰岩; 胜金口组岩性为绿色泥岩和粉砂岩; 连木沁组岩性为褐红、灰绿色泥岩和灰绿色砂岩(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局,1999)。侏罗系与白垩系之间存在角度不整合,可见于齐古背斜剖面和地震剖面(Fang et al.,2016;Jolivet et al.,2017)。

早侏罗世至中侏罗世早期,准噶尔盆地及邻近盆地气候温暖湿润(Wang et al.,2005;Ashraf et al., 2010;Sha et al., 2015,2023;田业,2017;Morin et al., 2018),发育煤层和丰富的植物化石(Sha et al., 2015)。从中侏罗世巴通期开始,准噶尔盆地及邻近盆地的孢粉记录证明气候转变为季节性干旱(Wang et al., 2005;Ashraf et al., 2010;Jolivet et al., 2017;Morin et al.,2018),指示干旱气候的孢子Classopollis明显增加(邓胜徽等,2015)。在准噶尔盆地地层中发育指示蒸发、干旱气候的薄层石膏(Fang et al.,2016)、钙质古土壤和风成沉积(Jolivet et al., 2017)。早白垩世,准噶尔盆地及邻近盆地的孢粉组合指示古气候比晚侏罗世有所湿润(王长轩,2014;Zhang et al.,2014;邓胜徽等,2015),为季节性干旱(Eberth et al., 2001)。

2 研究方法

重点选取准噶尔盆地南缘建功煤矿(86°42'27.86″E, 43°47'17.68″N)和喀拉扎山剖面(87°10'17.76″E, 43°46'12.33″N)进行沉积学分析,并对比了玛纳斯、阿德岗、头屯河、王家沟和大红山剖面以及CS1井。风成沉积的沉积构型规模较大,近处观察难以看到全貌,因此借助无人机拍照、建模进行全面的观察并识别沉积界面、沉积构造、构型等(Nieminski and Graham,2017)。无人机在多个距离捕获建功煤矿和喀拉扎山剖面数百张高分辨率(2000万像素)的图像。照片采用倾斜和平行角度拍摄,三维空间重叠度不低于75%,以确保后期处理的高精度(Westoby et al., 2012;Chesley et al., 2017)。无人机型号为DJI Matrice 350 RTK,建模采用大疆智图软件。

3 沉积相分析

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘的建功煤矿、喀拉扎山、玛纳斯、阿德岗、头屯河、王家沟和大红山剖面以及CS1井的沉积学分析(图2),把11类岩相划分为3种岩相组合(表1;图2),解释为冲积扇、风成沉积和河流沉积相(表2)。

3.1 风成砂丘

岩相组合1.1发育在上侏罗统齐古组和喀拉扎组(表2),发育Sgf和Sh这2种岩相。结合野外地质观察和无人机建模,识别了以风成叠合面、风成再作用面、丘间迁移面为界面的风成沙丘、沙席和丘间沉积(图3;Mountney,2006),风成前积层的风成叠合面指示了叠合的类新月形沙丘顺风向的迁移(Rodríguez-López et al., 2008)。喀拉扎组的该岩相组合位于侏罗系—白垩系不整合面之下(图2;图4)。

喀拉扎组发育大型槽状或板状高角度交错层理(图5-a,5-c,5-d)。喀拉扎组大型交错层理厚度为3~5 m,校正后的交错层理角度范围为12.1°~36.1°(Guan et al., 2024)。部分交错层理砂岩中可以观察到氧化的黄铁矿,可观察到反粒序层理(图5-b),由分选和磨圆良好到中等的次棱角状到次圆状中—细砂岩组成(图6),以跳跃组分为主(图7-a;Guan et al., 2024)。砂岩颗粒表面呈现碟形、新月形撞击坑(图6-f)。

该岩相组合解释为风成沙丘沉积。中—细粒砂为常见的风力搬运粒度,搬运方式以跳跃为主,具有风力输送过程中的高速撞击造成的月牙形和碟形撞击坑,这些特点都指示了典型的风成沙丘沉积(Xu et al.,2019)。大规模的高角度交错层理是风成波痕迁移和边界流分离带中颗粒飘落的产物(图5-a,5-c,5-d;Hunter 1977;Clemmensen and Abrahamsen,1983)。反粒序层理为颗粒流沉积(图5-b),发生在沿风成沙丘背风坡的颗粒流崩落中(Hunter,1977;Mountney,2006),粒度相对较细的水平层理是颗粒飘落的结果。风成沙丘沉积中经常发生侵蚀(Elbelrhiti et al.,2008),表现为风成再作用面和叠合面(图3-c,3-f;Kocurek,1991)。准噶尔盆地南缘的晚侏罗世和早白垩世的河流、冲积扇沉积的古流向普遍为自南向北(Fang et al., 2016;周天琪等,2019;Guan et al.,2022),而通过测量晚侏罗世风成沉积的大型高角度交错层理的产状并校正得到的古风向为自西向东(图2)。

3.2 风成沙席和丘间沉积

岩相组合1.2由Sc、Fsm和 Fl岩相组成,在王家沟剖面的喀拉扎组中厚度达数分米,可见Scoyenia遗迹化石(Guan et al., 2024),在建功煤矿剖面发育泥裂(图5-e)。泥裂和丘间的Scoyenia遗迹化石都表明间发性暴露出水面的环境(Frey et al.,1984;Buatois and Mángano,2004),该岩相组合解释为丘间沉积。

岩相组合1.3由Sh和 Sr岩相组成,发育于大红山剖面的喀拉扎组下部、王家沟和喀拉扎山剖面的喀拉扎组上部(图3-c,3-f),岩性为分选性较好、形状呈次棱角状至次圆状的细砂岩,可见平行层理和低角度层理,具有反粒序,发育风成波痕,具有波脊粒度较粗的特点(Guan et al., 2024)。砂体垂向厚度达10~100 m,侧向延伸性好,超过1500 m(图3)。该岩相组合分别解释为风成沙席沉积。风成沙席具有横向连续性好的特点,发育平行或低角度层理,层理具有反粒序,是由平移层理(translatent strata)造成(Hunter,1977;Fryberger et al., 1979;Kocurek and Dott,1981;Mountney,2006;Simplicio and Basilici,2015;Cao et al., 2023)。风成沙丘、沙席和丘间沉积交替出现,以水平的风成再作用面为界(Mountney,2006;图3-c,3-f)。

3.3 河流沉积

岩相组合2分布于上侏罗统齐古组、喀拉扎组和下白垩统清水河组,在建功煤矿剖面的喀拉扎组中岩相组合2和岩相组合3互层,由Gcm,Sp,St,Sr,Fsm岩相组成(表2),齐古组可见钙质古土壤(Jolivet et al., 2017)。具有底部冲刷面的透镜状或带状砂体发育在块状泥岩(Fsm)中,砂体由交错层理砂岩(Sp、St)(图8-e,8-f)和沙纹层理砂岩(Sr)组成,部分砂体底部可见颗粒支撑砾岩(Gcm)或交错层理砾岩,可见叠瓦状砾石(图5-f;图8-a,8-b),整体构成正粒序,解释为河道或点坝沉积。部分地层序列为反粒序,层厚向上增加,可见沙纹层理和水平层理(图8-d),解释为决口扇沉积。

在建功煤矿剖面,侏罗系—白垩系不整合面之下为喀拉扎组辫状河沉积与风成沉积互层(图5-c,5-d;图8-a),不整合面之上为下白垩统清水河组频繁冲刷、多层叠置的辫状河厚层砂体(图8-c)。河流沉积与下伏风成沉积之间的界面为洪泛面(图5-c,5-d,5-f;图8-a;Langford and Chan,1989),风成沉积与下伏辫状河沉积的平直界面为风蚀丘间迁移面(图8-a)。

在建功煤矿剖面,中侏罗统头屯河组上部和上侏罗统齐古组砂体呈透镜状或带状发育于厚层泥岩中,可解释为曲流河沉积(Fang et al., 2016;关旭同等,2019,2020;Guan et al., 2021,2022)。齐古组下部的小型槽状交错层理曲流河砂岩为红色岩屑砂岩,分选、磨圆差(图6-c;图8-f),而齐古组顶部小型槽状交错层理曲流河砂岩为黄白色岩屑砂岩(图6-d;图8-e),颗粒磨圆好于前者,镜下特征和粒度概率累计曲线都与风成砂类似(图6-a,6-b,6-c;图7),王家沟和头屯河剖面的齐古组顶部的曲流河砂岩也具有类似的特点(图7-b),这是因为该河流砂经过了风力作用的搬运、分选和磨圆,具有了较高的结构成熟度。

3.4 冲积扇沉积

岩相组合3主要发育在上侏罗统喀拉扎组,在准噶尔盆地南缘广泛分布,包括了Gmm、Gcm、Sm、Sp和St这5种岩相(表2)。在玛纳斯剖面可见互层的杂基支撑砾岩层与块状的砂岩层(图9-c)和具有底部冲刷面的砂砾岩透镜体(图9-d),分别为冲积扇的片流和河道沉积。在四棵树河剖面,喀拉扎组下部的砾岩具有无分选和砾石棱角状的特点,而喀拉扎组上部的杂基支撑的砾岩具有层状的特点(关旭同等,2020;Guan et al.,2022,2023),分别为泥石流沉积(Nemec and Steel,1984)和片流沉积(Blair and McPherson,1994)。

4 准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积体系

在准噶尔盆地南缘的不同剖面,侏罗系—白垩系不整合面上下的沉积环境不同(图2)。在玛纳斯剖面,上侏罗统喀拉扎组冲积扇砾岩与下白垩统清水河组湖相细粒沉积呈不整合接触(图9;Fang et al., 2016;Jolivet et al.,2017;Morin et al., 2018;Guan et al.,2024);在建功煤矿剖面,喀拉扎组风成沉积厚约十余米,与辫状河沉积互层(图5-c),上覆清水河组底部为厚层叠置辫状河沉积,向上变为扇三角洲砂砾岩、滨湖相砾岩和湖相细粒沉积(关旭同等,2020;Guan et al., 2022);在阿德岗剖面,喀拉扎组风成砂岩与清水河组辫状河砾岩不整合接触; 在头屯河剖面以东(图3),喀拉扎组风成砂岩与清水河组湖相细粒沉积不整合接触。风成沉积在王家沟剖面厚度最大,可达约250 m,向西在建功煤矿剖面、向东在大红山剖面残留沉积厚度减薄(图2)。

准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世的风成沉积、冲积扇和河流沉积构成了典型的风成—冲积沉积体系(图10-b)。盆地边缘的冲积扇粗粒沉积,随着搬运过程粒度变细,分选性和磨圆性增加,在开阔地带形成辫状河和曲流河沉积。根据薄片和粒度分析,建功煤矿、王家沟和头屯河剖面的齐古组顶部的曲流河砂岩具有较好的分选和磨圆(图6-c;图7-b),都主要包含跳跃组分,不同于齐古组下部典型的由滚动和跳跃组分组成的曲流河砂岩,而类似于风成砂岩(图7-a),这说明河流砂经过了风力作用的搬运、分选和磨圆,结构成熟度增加。这一点也被Guan等(2024)通过碎屑锆石年代学研究所证明,在王家沟—头屯河地区风成沙和河流沙沉积物源相似,古风向与河流古流向正交,说明风成沉积的物质来源于盆地内邻近的河流物质,风成沙也被风搬运到河流沉积中。

准噶尔盆地风成—冲积沉积体系受到晚侏罗世气候干旱化和天山构造活化的共同作用控制。一方面,气候干旱导致沉积物供给减少。基准面上升,头屯河组下部的辫状河沉积演化为头屯河组上部和齐古组的曲流河沉积(谭程鹏等,2014;Guan et al., 2024)。Jolivet等(2017)认为喀拉扎组的冲积扇砾岩很大程度上是在干旱气候下由偶发的大型降雨引发的山洪、泥石流造成的,因为该冲积扇砾岩由片流和泥石流沉积组成,且在发育风成沉积、少植被的环境下容易发生风化侵蚀并在大型降雨事件中形成粗粒沉积(Moumani et al., 2003;Davies and Gibling,2010)。另一方面,风成—冲积沉积体系受到天山构造活化的影响。磷灰石裂变径迹数据表明北天山晚侏罗世和早白垩世发生了构造隆升(郭召杰等,2006;张志诚等,2007;Jolivet et al., 2010;Tang et al., 2015;Zhang et al.,2022),这导致了基准面下降,形成了风成-沉积体系(Fang et al., 2016;张驰等,2021;Guan et al.,2022,2024),风成沉积的范围扩大至东西向100 km(Guan et al.,2024)。根据磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟,头屯河地区未发生构造剥露,而玛纳斯地区发生了构造剥露(Zhang et al., 2022),这可能造成了冲积扇只发育在玛纳斯及邻近地区的沉积格局。与新生代相比,西天山的总体剥露速率较低(Jolivet et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2022)。玛纳斯地区对应的西天山地区构造隆升有利于形成雨影效应,增加形成冲积扇的山洪数量和强度。

5 对中亚晚侏罗世古环境和古气候的启示

准噶尔盆地晚侏罗世的风成沉积范围可能仅限于盆地南部。在盆地南缘风成沉积的残余沉积范围东西向可达100 km(图1;图2),而盆地中部同时期发育湖泊和三角洲沉积(Fang et al., 2016;于景维等,2016)。因为风成沉积中保存了大量沉积物,所以风成沉积过程减缓了沉积通量信号向湖泊的传递,从而改变了晚侏罗世的源汇系统(Bullard and Livingstone,2002)。

准噶尔盆地南缘的沉积环境在侏罗纪至早白垩世发生的2次重要变化记录了中亚地区的气候变化。早侏罗世至中侏罗世早期为沼泽遍布的河流—三角洲沉积体系,从中侏罗世晚期开始随着气候干旱化演变为风成—冲积沉积体系; 在经历了晚侏罗世天山构造运动后,准噶尔盆地进入早白垩世拗陷盆地阶段,气候半干旱半湿润,湖盆范围扩大,整体上发育湖泊—三角洲沉积体系。准噶尔盆地的气候变化是中亚、东亚区域性气候变化的一部分,可能与古地理位置变化有关(Yi et al.,2019)。一次显著的侏罗纪真极移事件(Torsvik et al., 2012;Kent et al., 2015)影响了全球所有板块的运动过程。最新的基于燕山造山带的古地磁研究表明,在160~145 Ma发生了快速真极移,在早白垩世紧接着发生了第2段返程式真极移(Yi et al., 2019;Hou et al.,2024)。受到真极移事件的影响,准噶尔盆地的古地理位置从晚三叠世至早侏罗世的~71°N变为晚侏罗世的~32°N(Chen et al.,1991;Sha et al.,2015;Olsen et al.,2022,2024),从高纬度的湿润带变化到了中纬度干旱带; 在早白垩世古地理位置北移(Yi et al., 2019),可能造成了准噶尔盆地发生气候湿润化。此外早白垩世的古气候可能与天山造山带的水汽阻隔有关系(戴霜等,2013)。如吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地在早白垩世比准噶尔盆地气候干旱,吐哈盆地发育石膏沉积和风成沉积(Zhang et al.,2025),塔里木盆地发育钙质结核和风成沉积(陈荣林等,1994;梅冥相等,2004;Jolivet et al., 2018)。这一猜想还需要通过在古天山地貌、构造—气候相互作用方面的研究来验证。类似的天山水汽阻隔效应在新生代研究中已被证实,地质证据和气候模拟共同表明天山阻挡了西风带来的湿润水汽并造成了中亚干旱和天山周缘盆地气候分异(Wang et al., 2020)。

东亚、中亚地区的晚侏罗世—白垩纪存在多处风成沉积,根据恢复得到的古风向,认为古风向受控于行星风系(图10-a; 许欢等, 2013; Qiao et al., 2022; Cao et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2025)。 根据塔里木、 吐哈、 柴达木等盆地的下白垩统风成沉积古风向(江新胜等,2009;胡俊杰等,2018;陈政宇等,2020;Zhang et al., 2025),Zhang等(2025)推断中亚地区在早白垩世主要处于西风带。通过测量准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世风成沉积的大型高角度交错层理的产状并校正得到的古风向为自西向东(图2)。邻近的吐哈盆地在早白垩世的贝里阿斯期至瓦兰今期处于西风带,推测准噶尔盆地晚侏罗世风成沉积形成于西风带。而宁武—静乐盆地的晚侏罗世风成沉积的古风向主要为自东向西(Xu et al., 2019),因此推测副热带高压带在晚侏罗世处于这2个盆地之间(图10-a)。在早白垩世的贝里阿斯期至瓦兰今期,吐哈盆地和华北地区的古风向为自西向东,鄂尔多斯盆地的古风向为交替的西风和东风,因此推测副热带高压带处于鄂尔多斯盆地附近;在早白垩世的欧特里夫期晚期至巴雷姆期,鄂尔多斯盆地和塔里木盆地西南缘分别具有自西向东和自东向西的古风向,因此推测副热带高压带在晚侏罗世处于这2个盆地之间(Zhang et al.,2025)。综上,副热带高压带自晚侏罗世至早白垩世逐渐南移。但值得注意的是,该推断是基于行星风系模型(图10-a),且局部的古地理或古地貌可能导致局部风成砂发育以及古风向变化(Wu et al., 2024),因此关于中生代大气环流和古地貌对大气环流的影响还需要进一步研究。

6 结论

通过分析准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世沉积环境,得到以下结论:

1)准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世古沙地位于侏罗系—白垩系不整合面之下,古风成沙地残留沉积范围东西向可达100 km。在王家沟剖面沉积厚度最厚,约250 m;沉积厚度向西减薄,在建功煤矿剖面的风成沉积砂体厚度约十余米,且受到多期砾质辫状河的冲刷。

2)准噶尔盆地晚侏罗世古风成沙地的沉积物源来自于附近河流沙,风成沙又为河流沉积提供物源。风成和河流沉积交互出现,且河流沙和同期的风成沙具有相似的粒度组成和沉积物源。此外,古风向与河流古流向正交的沉积格局有利于风成和河流沉积的物质交换。这些都说明了风成沉积和河流沉积的密切关系。

3)晚侏罗世风成—冲积沉积体系受到气候干旱化和天山构造活动的控制,气候干旱导致沉积物供给减少,沉积基准面上升,头屯河组下部的辫状河沉积演变为头屯组上部和齐古组的季节性曲流河; 天山的构造活化导致沉积基准面下降,在准噶尔盆地南缘风成沉积范围扩大,冲积扇沉积广泛分布。

4)准噶尔盆地南缘自侏罗纪至早白垩世经历的2次重要的沉积格局变化记录了中亚内陆地区的气候变化。在中侏罗世晚期气候干旱化的影响下,河流—三角洲体系变化到风成—冲积沉积体系; 在早白垩世气候湿润化的影响下,沉积体系转变为湖泊—三角洲沉积体系。

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基金资助

*新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2024A03003)