1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2 Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Qi Liang,born in 1992,is a researcher and a master’s supervisor. She is engaged in research on sedimentary geotectonics. E-mail: liangqi_cdut@163.com.
ZHOU Wenjun,born in 2002,is a master’s degree candidate. He is engaged in researches on basin structure and palaeogeography. E-mail: zwenjun94@163.com.
The formation of the “Conchostracan shale” layer at the top of the lower section of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin marks a major shift in the paleolake depositional environment and palaeogeography. This transition corresponds to the faunal succession of the Shulong-Emeilong fauna to the Mamenchisaurus fauna. Reconstructing the sedimentary and palaeogeographic transformation during this period is crucial for understanding the evolution of dinosaur faunas in the Sichuan Basin. Through the buried characteristics of Conchostracan fossil assemblages and whole-rock geochemical analyses,samples from the lower “Conchostracan Shale” layer,as well as the mudstone and siltstone samples from both the upper and lower sections of the Shaximiao Formation,were examined. The results indicate that Conchostracans thrived in warm,humid shallow lacustrine environments. A transition in sedimentary environments—from deltaic systems to shallow lacustrine,fluvial,and deltaic systems—occurred between the lower and upper sections of the Shaximiao Formation. Analysis of paleoclimate indices(CIA,CIW),redox indicators(δCe,V/Cr,U/Th,V/(V+Ni),V/Sc),and paleosalinity proxies(B/Ga,Sr/Ba)reveals a dynamic evolution of the paleoenvironment within the Shaximiao Formation. Palaeoclimatic conditions shifted from semi-humid and semi-arid to warm and humid,and later reverted back to semi-humid and semi-arid. Concurrently,the paleo-water environment experienced a transition from oxidizing and weakly reducing conditions to more reducing conditions,followed by a return to oxidizing and weakly reducing conditions. Paleosalinity remained predominantly freshwater throughout,with only localized,minor salinization observed in the upper sections. These findings suggest that during the late Middle Jurassic,the Sichuan Basin experienced significant precipitation,leading to the establishment of a warm and humid palaeoclimate and a reducing lake environment conducive to the extensive proliferation of Conchostracans. Subsequently,a shift toward drier climatic conditions likely drove the adaptive evolution of herbivorous dinosaur lineages,transitioning from the Shulong-Emeilong fauna to the Mamenchisaurus fauna.
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ZHOU Wenjun,born in 2002,is a master’s degree candidate. He is engaged in researches on basin structure and palaeogeography. E-mail: zwenjun94@163.com.
四川盆地侏罗系富含多门类恐龙化石且研究程度较高,因而在古生物学领域占有重要地位。其中,中侏罗统沙溪庙组以恐龙化石丰度高、分布广而备受关注,其岩性组合为紫红色砂泥岩构成多级韵律层,地层区域厚度大、稳定性良好。年代学与沉积学证据显示,受燕山运动引发的挤压作用影响,沙溪庙期四川盆地周缘地区发生强烈隆升(李智武,2006;舒良树,2012;Zhang et al., 2022),北侧米仓山—大巴山地区与东部武夷山地区也出现了显著的隆升和前渊拗陷(汪泽成等,2004;李智武,2006;沈传波等,2007)。系列构造活动不仅塑造了四川盆地的古地理格局,还对区域古气候和沉积环境产生重要影响,进而驱动了中侏罗世蜥脚类恐龙动物群演化(董枝明,1980)。值得注意的是,沙溪庙组上、下段恐龙动物群存在显著差异,下段以蜀龙-峨眉龙动物群为主,而上段则演替为马门溪龙动物群(李奎,1998;彭光照,2009;Xing et al., 2015)。这一生物群的更替与沉积环境演变密切相关,但目前针对该地区恐龙动物群的研究多聚焦于化石分类学及其形态功能分析,而对控制生物演化的沉积古地理与古环境因素探讨不足。因此,通过系统解析四川盆地沙溪庙组沉积序列中的古地理格局演变及古气候与古环境波动,可为揭示中侏罗世蜥脚类恐龙动物群演化的环境驱动机制提供关键线索,对完善陆相生物-环境协同演化理论具有重要科学价值。
四川盆地位于上扬子板块(图1),面积约 180 000 km2。盆地西缘为龙门山断裂带(Li et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2021;Xu et al., 2021),与松潘—甘孜褶皱造山带相隔; 北缘为米仓山—大巴山前陆构造带(Liu et al., 2005;Li et al., 2020;Dong et al., 2021),由NEE向的米仓山隆起带和SW向凸出的大巴山弧型构造带组成,与秦岭造山带相隔; 盆地东侧以南川—遵义断裂带为界,与江南—雪峰造山带相接(苏金宝等,2014;颜丹平等,2018;Peng et al., 2022);盆地南侧为低缓褶皱带,向南越过兴文—古蔺断层和齐岳山断层,逐渐过渡到滇黔地区的北部凹陷带,受到深大断裂和隐伏断裂的共同作用以及多期构造叠加的影响,展现出一种复合的地质构造特征(覃作鹏等,2013;黄涵宇等,2019)。
四川盆地的地质构造发展与周边的扬子板块、华北板块以及松潘—甘孜地块的相互作用紧密相连,这些构造单元之间的俯冲和拼贴历史在很大程度上塑造了四川盆地的物质构成和沉积充填模式(Meng et al., 2005;李英强和何登发,2014;张岳桥和董树文,2019)。受印支造山运动的驱动,发生于晚三叠世须家河组三段与四段沉积期之间的安县构造运动,促成了扬子板块与华北板块之间的初步碰撞与闭合。在此碰撞过程中,扬子板块的基底物质沿着商丹断裂带俯冲至华北板块之下,引发了米仓山和大巴山地区的推覆构造以及川东北区域的滑脱—拆离构造的形成,并导致川东北地区发生广泛的地壳抬升(王金琪,1990;张国伟等,2003;Jiang et al., 2023)。同时,随着龙门山造山带的隆起并向盆地内部挤压推进,盆地向西倾伏,导致海水开始向西撤退,这一变化标志着自震旦纪以来长期的海相沉积历史的结束,并预示着盆地向前陆盆地演化的转变。到了晚三叠世末期,松潘—甘孜地块与上扬子板块的逆冲作用造成龙门山前陆冲断带的形成,这标志着晚三叠世前陆盆地历史的结束。同时,江南雪峰造山带构造活动产生的挤压应力向西北方向的远程传递,使川东南地区隆起,发生广泛的褶皱抬升作用(褚杨等,2015;张骞和岳晓晶,2022)。早侏罗世—中侏罗世早期,龙门山构造带活动明显减弱,盆地缓慢沉降,此时的四川盆地开始向大型陆内坳陷湖盆转变,且沉积中心由川西向川北及川东北方向转移(汪泽成等,2004;李智武,2006;沈传波等,2007)。中—晚侏罗世,受到燕山运动(170—160 Ma)的影响,东亚构造体制发生重大变革,太平洋板块向华南板块低角度俯冲,从特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转化(舒良树,2012;Xu et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2022),这导致四川盆地进入多向挤压变形和盆地改造阶段。因此,四川盆地是晚三叠世中国大陆完成主体拼合后,在扬子地块北缘被动边缘的基础上,由于周缘板块多向汇聚作用导致区域均衡挠曲沉降而形成的前陆盆地。
CIA(化学蚀变指数)可以衡量长石淋溶强度,是用于表征源区化学风化强度的指标(Nesbitt and Young,1984)。一般认为,高CIA值(70~80)表示风化过程中Ca、Na、K等碱金属元素从硅酸盐矿物中大量淋溶流失,反映温暖潮湿气候下较强的风化作用; 相反,低CIA值(60~70)则反映寒冷干燥气候条件下较弱的风化作用(Fedo et al., 1995;冯连君等,2006;徐小涛和邵龙义,2018)。
CIA值通常会受到钾交代作用、沉积再循环作用等因素的影响,使其数值不能准确地反映化学风化程度与古气候条件,因此本研究使用A-CN-K图、CIW(化学风化指数)、ICV(成分变异指数)、Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc图解等方法对这些因素进行检验。A-CN-K图可用于探究钾交代作用导致的CIA数值偏差,在A-CN-K图中部分样品向K方向偏移(图8-a),表明在成岩作用过程中可能存在钾交代作用,会导致CIA值不能准确反映化学风化作用程度。CIW指数(CIW=Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O)×100%)变化趋势(图9)与CIA指数基本一致,说明本次样品中钾交代作用对CIA 值的影响可以忽略(Harnois,1988;徐小涛和邵龙义,2018)。ICV值(ICV=(Fe2O3+K2O+Na2O+CaO*+MgO+MnO+TiO2)/Al2O3)可用于定量分析沉积岩中黏土矿物含量,从而研究沉积岩中再循环作用的影响(Cox et al., 1995)。ICV值计算结果(表1)显示,沙溪庙组下段泥岩和沙溪庙组上段中下部泥岩ICV值均大于 1,说明沉积物为首次沉积(徐小涛和邵龙义,2018)。“叶肢介页岩”ICV值介于 0.90~1.23(平均值0.97)之间,这指示“叶肢介页岩”样品中黏土矿物含量较高。对“叶肢介页岩”中ICV值小于1的样品依据图解Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc进行沉积再循环判别(图8-b),发现这部分样品没有位于沉积再循环的方向,推测ICV低值可能是由于初次沉积时温暖湿润的气候条件引起的强烈化学风化作用导致,是气候因素主导了“叶肢介页岩”CIA的高值。以上分析说明,本次研究样品的CIA值并未受到钾交代作用和沉积再循环的影响,其结果可以准确反映古气候条件。
稀土元素Ce能有效地指示古水体氧化还原条件,Ce异常(δCe=CeN/(LaN×NdN)1/2)常用于评估沉积水体的氧化还原状态(Bau et al., 1996;Pattan et al., 2005;李向东等,2018)。氧化环境中Ce4+吸附于金属氧化物胶体,水体中Ce元素含量减少,呈现明显负异常; 在缺氧环境下Ce通常以正三价(Ce3+)形式存在于水体中,δCe值由负异常向正异常转化(Elderfield and Greaves,1982)。通常认为,δCe<0.95指示氧化环境; δCe>1表明沉积水体中相对富集Ce元素,指示还原环境(王中刚等,1989)。因Ce异常可能会受到后期成岩作用的影响(Shields and Stille,2001),本研究通过分析δCe vs. LaN/NdN及δEu-δCe相关性图解来判断成岩作用的影响,其相关性分别为0.0517和0.0413(图10),表明成岩作用对样品Ce异常的影响相对有限,可用于判别沉积环境。
泥页岩中V、Ni、U等过渡微量元素对氧化还原环境也较为敏感,其相互之间的比值可作为定性判别氧化还原条件的指标(李琪琪等,2021)。本研究选取V/Cr、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、V/Sc共4个比值,对古水体的氧化还原状态进行综合分析。通常认为V/Cr>1.2、U/Th>0.75、V/(V+Ni)>0.77、V/Sc高值指示还原环境,而V/Cr<1.2、U/Th<0.75、V/(V+Ni)<0.60、V/Sc低值指示氧化环境,其中V/(V+Ni)值为0.60~0.77时指示氧化—还原过渡环境(Emerson and Huested,1991;Hatch and Leventhal,1992;Wignall and Twitchett,1996;Algeo and Maynard,2004;韦恒叶,2012;李向东等,2018;李琪琪等,2021;张建军等,2023)。对沙溪庙组样品分析发现(表3;表5),V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)和V/Sc值显示,在沙溪庙组下段粉砂岩和泥岩→沙溪庙组下段顶部“叶肢介页岩”→沙溪庙组上段粉砂岩和泥岩沉积时期,古水体环境经历了氧化—弱还原环境→还原环境→氧化—弱还原环境的变化。从U/Th值来看,沙溪庙组下段粉砂岩和泥岩为0.17~0.31(平均值 0.21),下段顶部“叶肢介页岩”为0.17~0.21(平均值 0.19),上段粉砂岩和泥岩为0.15~0.24(平均值 0.17),均指示为氧化环境,这与其他参数存在矛盾, 可能的原因是“叶肢介页岩”层沉积后再次处于氧化环境,导致U活化为U6+并因风化淋溶流失,从而使U/Th值降低。综合上述分析,沙溪庙组“叶肢介页岩”上、下层位的泥岩沉积水体为氧化—弱还原环境,其间“叶肢介页岩”层的沉积水体为还原环境,反映了“叶肢介页岩”沉积时期可能存在大量降水,与古气候判别结果相符。
4.2.3 古盐度
古盐度分析对认识古地理环境演化具有重要意义。B和Ga以及Sr和Ba这两组元素因化学性质差异,其含量的比值会随着古盐度的不同而呈现有规律的变化,因此 B/Ga和Sr/Ba值是用于分析古盐度的灵敏指标(Degens et al., 1957;Hanor and Chan,1977;魏巍等,2021;林景昱等,2023;Liu et al., 2024)。魏巍等(2021)基于现代沉积系统,对B/Ga和Sr/Ba值进行校准,确定其指示不同盐度沉积环境的最佳阈值为: B/Ga<3、Sr/Ba<0.2指示淡水环境,B/Ga=3~6 、Sr/Ba=0.2~0.5指示半咸水环境,B/Ga>6、Sr/Ba>0.5指示咸水环境。
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