The Middle Jurassic black rock series in the Qiangtang Basin serve as significant hydrocarbon source rocks due to their high organic matter contents. The Biluo Co section was chosen as the research target. Based on paleontological stratigraphy and by analyzing the total organic carbon(TOC)contents as well as variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes,this study discussed the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of carbon and oxygen isotopes from the black rock series of the Bathonian-Callovian stages(Middle Jurassic),and the characteristics of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate during this period. Results show that the TOC contents range from 0 to 1.5%,δ13Corg,δ13Ccarb and δ18O values vary between-24‰ and-26‰,-4.819‰ and 2.323‰(mean values of-0.659‰),-13.96‰ and 0.66‰(mean values of-7.37‰),respectively. According to the global carbon isotope correlations,the negative inorganic carbon excursions in the early Bathonian is associated with the enhanced terrigenous input triggered by the Early-Middle Jurassic regression event. The positive shifts of δ13Ccarb from the Middle-Late Bathonian to the Early Callovian correspond to the event of a substantial surge in marine primary productivity. During the Callovian-Early Oxfordian,a widespread positive carbon isotopes anomalies and high TOC contents of shales occurred in regions such as the Qiangtang Basin,Saudi Arabia,Paris Basin,and Polish Carpathians,which shows that the organic-rich black rock series are closely related to large-scale marine transgressions and primarily driven by the increase in the burial flux of organic matters under the backdrop of global sea-level rise. Moreover,paleontological and petrological characteristics,and redox-sensitive proxies(e.g.,V/(V+Ni),V/Cr,Ni/Co ratios) suggest that the black rock series deposited in a relatively reducing sedimentary environments. This study highlights that the carbon and oxygen isotopes of Middle Jurassic black rock series have the global distribution patterns influenced by multiple factors,including redox conditions,sea-level fluctuations, burial dynamics of organic matters, and so on.
西藏羌塘盆地拥有世界上面积最大的海相侏罗纪地层,因自然条件恶劣,研究程度较低。然而,该时期地层在整个东特提斯域占有十分重要的地位,尤其是双湖—安多地区侏罗系含颗石藻的黑色岩系(陈兰等,2003;Chen et al., 2019,2023),既是研究区油气勘探的重点(王成善和张哨楠,1996;和钟铧等,2000;李勇等,2001;吴珍汉等,2014;王剑等,2020;杨易卓等,2022),也是该期古海洋学研究最理想的地层。毕洛错地区因发育中侏罗统优质烃源岩而备受关注(王成善等,2004;王剑,2009;季长军,2015;吴珍汉等,2016;杨易卓等,2022),但地层时代一直存有争议,从晚三叠世、早侏罗世和中侏罗世均有报道(吴瑞忠等,1986;赵政璋和李永铁,2000;伊海生等,2003;Xia et al., 2021;Chen et al., 2016;Fu et al., 2016;Yin,2022;王剑等,2024),而根据颗石藻化石以及方解石U-Pb定年,认为毕洛错黑色岩系地层时代归属于中侏罗世Bathonian-Callovian(Chen et al., 2023;Wang et al., 2024)。近年来,也有学者主要利用沉积学、元素地球化学等讨论其沉积环境、古海洋学意义(Chen et al., 2013;Fu et al., 2010,2014;Jenkyns et al., 2013),但很少有学者进行碳氧同位素特征分析,尤其是依据碳同位素偏移讨论极端事件的古海洋、古气候以及开展地层对比。
主量元素的测定通过X射线荧光(XRF)法完成,分析误差控制在1%以内。微量元素的测试则是通过Perkin-Elmer Sciex Elan 6000电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行,其分析精度可以达到5%以上。元素地球化学实验在中国科学院地球化学研究所(IGCAS)关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室完成。
古氧相是指古环境中的氧化还原条件,通常根据底水的氧气浓度将氧化还原状态划分为氧化、贫氧、缺氧和硫化(Werne et al., 2003)。氧化还原敏感性元素(如U、V、Mo、Cr、Co和Ni等)含量及其特征比值被广泛应用于判别沉积水体的氧化还原状态(Jones and Manning,1994;Tribovillard et al., 2006;韦恒叶,2012)。V/Cr<2指示氧化环境,2~4.25指示贫氧环境,>4.25指示缺氧环境(Jones and Manning,1994)(表 3)。此外,V/(V+Ni)>0.84通常指示缺氧环境,0.60~0.84指示贫氧环境,<0.46则指示富氧环境。
海洋生产力作为海洋生态系统的核心驱动力,其波动直接记录于沉积物中,成为解析地质灾变事件中生物集群灭绝—生态系统复苏过程的关键研究内容(伊帆,2018)。研究表明,特定微量元素(如P、Ba)通过生物吸收—埋藏过程在沉积物中发生富集,可有效作为古海洋生产力的重要替代指标(Algeo et al., 2007)。然而,P含量指标易受陆源碎屑输入的干扰,难以独立示踪原始生产力。鉴于此,研究者提出采用P/Ti元素比值法,通过Ti对陆源碎屑贡献量的标准化处理,有效剔除成岩过程中陆源输入的影响,显著提升古生产力评估精度(Zhao et al., 2021)。
此外,生物成因Babio含量也被广泛用作古生产力的指标。Babio是指沉积物中Ba元素总含量减去陆源碎屑中Ba的含量,其计算公式如下(Francois et al., 1995):
其中,Babio表示生物成因Ba含量; Al和Batot分别为测试样品中Al和Ba元素的总含量; (Ba/Al)detrital是平均地壳岩石中Ba/Al值,其范围介于0.0032~0.0046之间,平均值为0.0039(Shen et al., 2015)。本次研究中,选用0.0039作为(Ba/Al)detrital的计算值。根据Babio含量的大小,可将古生产力水平划分为低等(<200 μg/g)、中等(200~1000 μg/g)和高等(>1000 μg/g)3个等级。图 8显示了研究区Sr/Ba、P/Ti、Babio变化规律。
Ce异常为研究相对海平面波动提供了一种方法(Wright et al., 1987;Wang et al., 2016)。该指标不仅可有效示踪氧化还原界面垂向迁移过程,更应用于海平面升降旋回的定量反演。其理论基础源于Elderfield和 Greaves(1982)提出的铈元素分馏机制: Ce3+与Ce4+价态转化过程导致其在水体—沉积物系统中的差异性富集行为,这种地球化学行为可通过δCe来反映,计算如下:
式中: LaN、CeN、NdN为北美页岩标准化值(NASC,Gromet et al.,1984),分别为32 μg/g、64 μg/g、32 μg/g。研究显示,Ce正异常通常对应氧化环境增强或海平面降低的过程,而负异常则反映还原条件或海平面上升的沉积背景(Wilde et al., 1996)。值得注意的是,寒武系黑色页岩和燧石—磷灰石在气候变暖和海侵引起的缺氧条件下形成,并具有明显的Ce异常(Guo et al., 2007),这一现象证实全岩Ce指标不仅具有与海相碳酸盐生物壳体(如牙形石、鱼鳞化石)相似的环境指示功能,更能有效排除沉积作用差异或成岩改造等因素的干扰,为古海水氧化还原状态和海平面波动提供可靠的证据(Yang et al., 1999)。
毕洛错剖面的黑色岩系中侏罗统碳同位素(δ13Ccarb)变化特征与全球同期变化高度一致(Brigaud et al., 2009;Arabas et al.,2016;Al-Mojel et al., 2018),特别是巴通阶—卡洛夫阶界线具有较好的全球可对比性(图 10),为剖面中上部地层时代提供更有利的证据。
在下巴通阶,羌塘盆地毕洛错剖面的δ13Ccarb在110~128 m处记录了1个显著的负偏移,其值从-0.25‰降至-4.85‰,偏移量为4.6‰(图10-A),这一显著δ13Ccarb异常在阿拉伯板块(沙特阿拉伯)以及欧亚板块(巴黎盆地、喀尔巴阡山脉)以及等地均有出现。沙特阿拉伯的Khashm adh Dhibi剖面(230~275 m处,图 10-B)以及Wadi Birk剖面(240~315 m处,图 10-C)均可发现明显的负偏移现象,偏移量约为2‰(Al-Mojel et al., 2018)。而欧亚板块的巴黎盆地(图 10-D)以及波兰喀尔巴阡山脉Arda剖面(图 10-E)的δ13Ccarb值同样出现了显著的负偏移,偏移量可达4‰(Brigaud et al., 2009;Arabas et al., 2016)。
碳同位素组成变化受到沉积环境、海平面波动及有机碳循环等因素影响。在近岸环境中,陆源有机碳输入及其氧化作用可造成溶解态C的富集,进而导致碳酸盐岩C值降低(Coimbra et al., 2014)。与开阔海域相比,内陆架水体的同位素值往往因生物泵效应难以完全平衡,导致近岸碳酸盐岩δ13C值较低。当发生海退时,河流输送的C有机碳通量显著增加,大陆架底层有机沉积物发生再活化,从而导致δ13C值出现显著负偏(Arthur et al., 1987)。而相对海平面上升阶段,增强的陆架—开阔海连通性促使12C贫乏,海洋水体持续输入,碳酸盐岩δ13C值升高。
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