This research uses the basic end-member modeling algorithm,non-parametric estimation decomposition algorithm,and grain size-standard deviation method to evaluate the grain-size data of the Holocene sediments from core SE3 in the Hangzhou Bay area,in order to investigate the vertical distribution pattern of different grain-size end-members and their coupling relationship with environmental evolution. Results show that the basic end-member modeling algorithm acts as the best method in decomposing grain-size end-member in comparison with the other two methods. Five grain-size end-members were identified in the study area by the basic end-member modeling algorithm: EM1(clay and silt),EM2(coarse silt and very coarse silt),EM3(very coarse silt,very fine sand and fine sand),EM4(fine sand and medium sand)and EM5(medium sand and coarse sand). Their vertical distribution patterns are controlled by the evolution of sea level,depositional environment,and dynamic process. The coarse-grained end-members EM5 and EM4,representing bed load,are primarily supplied by the Qiantang River and distributed in the amalgamated fluvial channel,floodplain,and paleo-estuarine deposits. As sea levels rising,the content of proximal EM5 decreases upwards,while the content of relatively distal EM4 increases. The fine-grained end-members EM2 and EM1,representing suspended load,are distributed in the offshore shallow marine and present-day estuary stratigraphic units;they are mainly derived from the Changjiang by a combination of alongshore and tidal currents in a high sea-level setting. EM3,representing bed load with a normal distribution of grain size,is primarily distributed in the present-day estuary deposits,and probably represents the sediment transported and sorted by tidal currents and storm surges. This study sheds a new light in reconstructing the evolution history of sea level,environment,and source-to-sink processes in estuarine areas by using sensitive grain-size end-member algorithm analysis.
粒度数据的分析方法在沉积学研究中得到了长足的发展,研究者们提出了多种基于统计学原理和数学建模的分析方法,以更好地揭示沉积物的物理特性和沉积环境。Folk 和 Ward(1957)建立了粒度参数计算公式,并利用粒度分布曲线解释沉积物的搬运和沉积特征; Mason 和 Folk(1958)引入标准偏差、偏态和峰态,以区分不同沉积环境和沉积世代; Visher(1965)通过粒度概率累积曲线探讨了河流沉积物结构特征与颗粒搬运机制的关系; Sahu(1964)和Klovan(1966)进一步发展了基于粒度数据的沉积环境判别模型,为沉积环境重建提供了重要方法论支持。沉积物粒度数据已被广泛应用于全球海洋与陆架沉积研究,在揭示物源、季风演化、洋流变化及古环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。例如,沉积物粒度数据已经被广泛应用于北太平洋(Rea and Hovan,1995)、阿拉伯海(Prins et al., 2000)、非洲西南岸(Stuut et al., 2002;Pichevin et al., 2005)、北大西洋(Gröger et al., 2003)、南海(Boulay et al., 2003)、东海(肖尚斌和李安春,2005)等海区的沉积物溯源,以及季风和海流演化等等方面的研究(王可等,2008)。这些方法为理解沉积物的源汇过程、搬运机制及其与环境演化的关系提供了重要的理论和技术支持。
在此基础上,研究者们进一步发展了多种粒度端元分析方法,以优化端元提取的准确性和适用性。例如非参数估计分解算法(Paterson and Heslop,2015)通过非负矩阵分解方法进行端元计算,能够有效降低端元数量的不确定性; 基本端元模型算法(Zhang et al., 2020)则基于遗传算法优化计算过程,能够更精确地识别单峰端元,避免多源混合影响端元提取结果。
在全球河口系统研究中,东亚地区占据重要地位,该区域河流向海输送的沉积物通量约占全球总量的 70%(Milliman and Farnsworth,2011)。江浙沿海平原属于典型的东亚平原河网区,水系发育、以长江与钱塘江为主要入海河流,每年向东海输送大量沉积物,形成复杂的多源沉积体系,记录了丰富的地质与古环境信息(林春明,1997)。其中,钱塘江河口湾为强潮型河口,其下切河谷不仅接收亚洲大陆和东海陆架的物质供应,同时也是典型的边缘海源-汇系统,完整记录了全新世以来海平面变化、海陆相互作用及沉积环境演化过程。由于下切河谷对海陆相互作用、全球气候及海平面变化高度敏感,能够响应万年尺度的沉积旋回与海平面波动,并较完整地保存这些变化的地质记录(Green,2009)。因此,对钱塘江河口区沉积物的研究有助于解析陆架区古环境演变及高泥沙通量条件下的边缘海源-汇过程,同时也为未来海平面与气候变化的预测提供科学依据。
钱塘江河口区水动力条件复杂、物源多样,前人对杭州湾地区的研究主要集中在海侵事件研究(汪品先等,1981;严钦尚和邵虚生,1987)、下切河谷沉积体系演变与气候演化(李从先等,1993;林春明等,2005,2022;张霞等,2013;Zhang et al., 2021a;夏长发等,2022)和浅层生物气研究(曲长伟等,2013;林春明和张霞,2018)。以往的研究计算了长江和钱塘江对杭州湾全新世沉积物的贡献比例(Zhang et al., 2021b),表明约8000年前,钱塘江提供了该地区所有的沉积物,随后长江沉积物开始向杭州湾地区输入。在杭州湾现代沉积物的研究中,大多数研究者认为长江沉积物主要通过涨潮流、沿岸流等动力方式输送至杭州湾(吴华林等,2006;王颖,2012;王昆山等,2013;刘朝等,2016)。然而,这些研究未深入讨论沉积物粒度特征,针对粒度端元的源汇过程分析仍相对薄弱,限制了对沉积物来源、搬运模式及沉积动力机制的深入理解。
末次盛冰期以来钱塘江下切河谷充填物的沉积演化经历了3个主要阶段(图 1-b;张霞等,2013;Zhang et al., 2014;李鑫等,2022)。第一阶段为海侵早期,海平面快速上升,河流的侵蚀与搬运能力减弱,下切河谷开始充填,自下而上依次发育河床(U5)、河漫滩(U4)和古河口湾(U3)3个沉积单元。其中河床沉积单元主要为砾、砂沉积; 河漫滩沉积单元以砂质泥和细砂沉积为主; 古河口湾沉积单元则表现为泥质与砂质泥互层。第二阶段为海侵鼎盛期,海水进一步侵入,海平面达到相对高位,河口环境逐渐向海相沉积过渡,沉积物粒度逐步变细,近岸浅海沉积单元(U2)逐渐占据主导地位,以泥夹粉砂条带沉积为特征。第三阶段为高海平面时期,海平面上升速率放缓,并趋于稳定,沉积物供应速率超过海平面上升速率,导致海岸线向海推进,形成现代河口湾沉积单元,以细砂及砂质泥互层沉积为特征。前人在稀土和微量元素等方面的研究表明钱塘江下切河谷沉积物主要由长江和钱塘江提供,长江细粒物质在古河口湾沉积时期随沿岸流进入杭州湾(Zhang et al., 2015;张霞等,2018)。可见,钱塘江下切河谷全新世充填物各沉积单元反映了不同时期的沉积过程,对其粒度特征进行详细研究,有助于揭示海平面调控下河口区各沉积单元对沉积环境和源汇系统演化的响应。
为了确定最适合于杭州湾地区的端元分析方法,本研究根据福克-沃德图解法(Folk and Ward,1957;Blott and Pye,2001),计算了5个端元的端元峰值、平均粒径(Mz)、分选系数(σ1)、偏度(Sk1)、峰态(KG)等粒度参数特征(表 1;表2)。端元峰值代表该端元的众数粒级,平均粒径是沉积物粒度分布的平均值。分选系数反映了粒度分布的宽窄,值越小,粒径分布越集中,沉积物的分选越好; 值越大,粒径分布越广,分选越差。偏度表示粒度分布的对称性,接近0表示粒度分布较为对称; 正值表示粒度分布细偏,即细粒含量增加; 负值表示粗偏,即粗粒含量增加。峰态反映粒度分布的尖锐度或平坦度。峰态值大于1表示粒度分布比正态分布更尖锐,小于1表示比正态分布更平坦。
总体而言,基本端元模型法对物源和沉积动力过程的识别能力更为敏感和细致,端元之间的区分度更明显。这种差异源于2种算法的计算特点。基本端元模型算法假设沉积物粒度数据由若干个不同的粒度组分线性叠加而成,每个粒度组分代表特定的沉积物来源或成因,因此提取的端元具有较强的物理意义和可解释性(Zhang et al., 2020)。非参数估计分解算法不考虑沉积物粒度数据的物理背景,而是通过最大化方差或信息量等准则来寻找最优的端元数目和组合(Paterson and Heslop,2015),因此可能无法真实地反映沉积物的来源和成因。在使用数据集对算法进行评估时,基本端元模型算法提取出的端元与真实情况非常接近,而非参数估计分解算法提取的端元呈现双峰形态,表明其仍然是混合端元(Zhang et al., 2020)。相比之下,基本端元模型算法的计算结果更能代表特定的物源和水动力过程。杭州湾SE3孔的沉积物粒度范围广,运输和混合过程复杂,不同物源的粒度特征差异明显,因此采用基本端元模型法提取出的5个端元可能更符合真实的沉积过程。
近岸浅海和现代河口湾沉积单元内部EM1和EM2端元含量与长江沉积物的供给比例呈正相关,表明这2种端元与长江沉积物的供给关系紧密(图 8)。现代长江三角洲沉积物的粒度特征与EM1和EM2的粒度特征基本一致,主要由黏土、黏土质粉砂和粉砂组成,其中约75%的粒径小于50 μm,悬浮物的粒径通常介于4~20 μm之间(李军等,2003;Yang et al., 2008;张静,2012;Rao et al., 2015;陈嘉诺等,2024)。长江三角洲沉积物在东亚季风驱动的沿岸流作用下向南搬运,堆积形成东海泥质条带(Zhang et al., 2020)。该搬运过程也得到了粒度参数的验证,舟山海域泥质沉积物和长江口外沉积物具有相似的粒度特征,表现出了明显的亲源性(周连成等,2009)。随后,东海泥质条带的沉积物可通过涨潮流和沿岸流被带入杭州湾。
EM5和EM4端元含量与钱塘江供给呈正相关,表明与钱塘江物质供给变化具有较强相关性,指示其可能为主要的物源。EM5和EM4的粒径分布范围较广,与现代长江和钱塘江河流沉积物的粒度分布模式相近,为典型的河流沉积(Wang et al., 2022)。且在河床和河漫滩沉积单元内,EM5的变化趋势与EM4正好相反,EM5主要分布在水动力条件相对较强的河床沉积单元,而在水动力条件较弱的河漫滩环境,EM5平均含量仅有11%。二者的含量变化趋势记录了河漫滩和河床单元沉积时期的钱塘江水动力变化历史。
EM3端元的分选性、垂向分布及粒度特征表明,它可能主要来自潮汐流和风暴潮的搬运和筛选过程。潮汐流和风暴潮能够将细粒沉积物搬运并进行筛选,这一过程通常经历多次再悬浮和搬运作用,显著提升沉积物的分选性,这也是EM3端元粒度分布呈现正态分布和良好分选性的原因。潮汐流和风暴潮沉积物具有独特的粒度特征,前人对长江和杭州湾风暴潮沉积的研究表明,风暴潮沉积能显著增大河口地区的沉积物粒径,EM3的粒度特征与风暴沉积物具有高度相似性。如1999年夏季台风期间,强烈的潮流对长江三角洲裸露滩涂沉积物进行改造,使得沉积物峰值粒径为4.5 φ 的粗粒沉积物含量增加(Fan et al., 2006)。2002年的暴风雨也导致长江三角洲芦潮港的表层沉积物平均粒径从22 μm增加到了146 μm(Yang et al., 2008)。现代杭州湾潮滩沉积物在夏秋季节会受到台风大浪的推移,峰值粒度为140.1 μm的沉积物含量有所增加(陈沈良等,2004)。1962年的7号台风风暴潮使圆陀角YY岩心在90~100 cm处出现了粉砂质砂夹层,沉积物粒度显著粗化,但随着围垦和护岸工程的建设,后来形成的风暴潮沉积物粒度比90~100 cm处要细(张静,2012)。根据上述研究,风暴沉积物的粒径略小于EM4,但与EM3的粒径范围非常相似。考虑到EM3端元主要分布在现代河口湾的靠海段,极易受风暴和潮流改造,因此其垂向含量突变应当与风暴潮、潮汐流等强水动力沉积事件存在关联。
综上所述,SE3孔沉积物5个粒度端元的垂向展布特征能有效地指示物源供给变化,并且对沉积环境和海平面变化具有灵敏的响应。在海侵初期,即河床、河漫滩和古河口湾单元沉积时期,沉积物主要由钱塘江提供(林春明等,2022),且代表粗粒沉积的EM5和EM4端元含量随海平面上升逐渐降低,相对细粒的EM3和EM1端元含量逐渐升高。在海侵鼎盛期,在沿岸流、潮流和波浪的共同作用下,近岸浅海单元内主要由来自长江的EM1和EM2组成。在海平面相对稳定时期,沉积物堆积速率大于海平面上升速率,海岸线向海移动,EM1、EM2端元含量骤降,代表风暴和潮流沉积的EM3、EM4端元在同一深度迅速增加(图 8;林春明等,1999;Lin et al., 2005;Zhang et al., 2014)。该研究为相似河口区源-汇过程研究提供了新思路和科学参考。
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