Controls of longitudinal multi-step slope breaks in a fault trough on reservoir architecture of submarine fans: a case study of the Upper Jurassic in X Oilfield,North Sea Basin,UK
1 CNOOC International Limited,Beijing 100028,China
2 CNOOC China Limited,Hainan Branch,Haikou 570100,China
3 College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China
LI Jingjing,born in 2000,is a master degree candidate. She is mainly engaged in research on deepwater sedimentology,reservoir characterization and modeling. E-mail: 13687538430@163.com.
CAO Shuchun,born in 1975,is a master degree candidate,senior engineer. His research primarily focuses on oil and gas field development geology and development seismology. E-mail: caoshch@cnooc.com.cn.
Submarine fans commonly accumulate on a large scale within continental slope minibasins,where their architectural evolution is predominantly governed by paleotopographic configuration. In settings influenced by dip-oriented synsedimentary normal faults,such minibasins frequently host laterally elongated fault-controlled troughs,which are associated with longitudinally distributed,multi-tiered slope breaks. Although these multi-step slope breaks exert first-order control on the spatial distribution,internal architecture,and stacking patterns of submarine fan reservoirs,the underlying geomorphic and dynamic mechanisms remain inadequately constrained. This study focuses on the Upper Jurassic B4 reservoir in the X Oilfield(North Sea,UK),integrating high-resolution well-log data and 3D seismic interpretation to reconstruct paleobathymetry and decipher reservoir-scale architectural heterogeneity. Our analysis reveals that the submarine fan developed within a structurally confined slope fault trough,characterized by: (i)a western primary upper slope with an average gradient of~7.5°;(ii)three distinct,longitudinally aligned deepwater slope breaks;(iii)a pronounced gradient differential of 6.3° across the primary slope break,contrasting with sub-3° differentials across the secondary and tertiary breaks. Critically,the longitudinal multi-step slope breaks dictate both planform architectural organization and temporal migration-stacking behavior of fan elements. Elevated sediment supply coupled with steep upper-slope gradients promotes high-velocity,supercritical turbidity currents(Froude numbers>1),resulting in proximal bypass dominance—wherein sediment largely bypasses the primary lower slope. The large gradient differential at the primary break enhances flow confinement and sand-body thickness through hydraulic jump-induced deposition. In contrast,reduced gradient differentials across downstream(secondary-tertiary)slope segments decelerate flows,fostering the development of multibranched avulsion channels,levee-channel complexes,and distributary lobes on the lower slopes. As successive lower-slope tiers become progressively filled and aggraded,lobe deposition preferentially shifts toward lower-tier slopes possessing greater accommodation space,producing retrogradational stacking geometries. Furthermore,enhanced lateral confinement—imposed by adjacent fault-bounded margins—deflects lobe progradation trajectories and modifies lobe morphology from classic lobate to elongate,tongue-shaped forms.
CAO Shuchun,born in 1975,is a master degree candidate,senior engineer. His research primarily focuses on oil and gas field development geology and development seismology. E-mail: caoshch@cnooc.com.cn.
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CAO Shuchun,born in 1975,is a master degree candidate,senior engineer. His research primarily focuses on oil and gas field development geology and development seismology. E-mail: caoshch@cnooc.com.cn.
深水海底扇是陆源碎屑在海洋聚集的重要场所(Shanmugam,2016;Talling et al., 2023;温志新等,2023),蕴藏着巨大的油气资源潜力,一直是油气勘探与开发的热点。近年来,已在墨西哥湾、南大西洋两岸(巴西与西非沿海)、东非沿海、英国北海地区以及中国南海成功发现深水海底扇油气田(庞雄等,2007;张光亚等,2015;王陆新等,2020;张功成等,2017)。由于形成海底扇系的深水沉积重力流触发机制多样(Shanmugam,2016;Zhang et al., 2018),沉积过程又会受到物源供给、海平面变化、古地貌、底流等多因素的影响(Reading and Richards,1994;Gervais et al., 2006;Spychala et al., 2020;Fonnesu et al., 2020;林承焰等,2023;李建平等,2024),其沉积构型普遍较为复杂,给深水油气勘探开发带来了巨大挑战。
陆坡微盆地是指在大陆坡或斜坡环境下发育的一系列局部地形洼陷(Prather et al., 1998),其内部可汇聚大量的海底扇沉积。陆坡微盆地可形成于不同的盆地背景,包括被动大陆边缘盆地(Pirmez et al., 2012;Jolly et al., 2016)、挤压型盆地(Debacker et al., 2014)以及拉张型盆地(Choe and Chough,1988),其内部可呈现出不同的古地貌形态特征,从而通过影响可容空间的变化来控制着内部海底扇的沉积演化与内部构型(Prather et al., 1998;Spychala et al., 2015)。前人研究了逆冲相关微盆地(李磊等,2010;张佳佳和吴胜和,2019;Howlett et al., 2019)、底劈相关微盆地(Howlett et al., 2021;侯云超等,2022)、沉积相关微盆地(Spychala et al., 2015)对于海底扇沉积演化与构型的影响。对于正断层相关的微盆地,前人更多关注于多级横向断阶(Bell et al., 2008,2009;Tillmans et al., 2021)与转换阶地(Henstra et al., 2017;Tillmans et al., 2021)对横向海底扇(物源供给方向与断层走向垂直)的影响,而针对纵向海底扇(物源供给方向与断层走向平行),前人仅考虑了断槽侧向限制性的影响(McKinnon,2013;Tian et al., 2024)。笔者通过对英国北海X油田上侏罗统B段储层的研究发现,顺源延伸的正断层相关的断槽内部可发育纵向多级坡折,这种多级坡折会对纵向海底扇内部构型产生明显的控制作用。本研究以该区为例,综合应用岩心、测井、地震等资料,恢复断槽内部的纵向多级坡折古地貌特征,阐明纵向海底扇的宏观分布与内部构型特征,探讨纵向多级坡折对于纵向海底扇储层构型的控制作用,这将对该类油气藏精细开发具有实际意义,同时对深化深水沉积学具有一定意义。
1 研究区地质概况
研究区X油田位于英国阿伯丁市北东部北海海域,处于北海三叉裂谷系西部的马里福斯地堑内部斜坡带之上,面积约111 km2(朱伟林等,2011)(图 1-a,1-b)。自三叠纪开始,北海三叉裂谷系开始进入裂谷发育期,并在晚侏罗世进入主要裂谷期,断裂系统发育,形成了大量的断槽(Patruno et al., 2022)。在晚侏罗世,研究区位于一处南西—北东方向延伸的断槽内部(图 1-c),南北两侧发育2条大型限制性的断槽边界断层,内部发育多条限制性相对弱的同沉积断层与复杂的断裂系统(Fraser et al., 2003;刘政等,2011;Patruno et al., 2022)。
研究区主要含油层段为上侏罗统B段,在南西方向的三角洲物源供给下,沉积物沿着斜坡以沉积物重力流被搬运至该断槽内部(图 1-c),形成了典型的深水断槽纵向海底扇储层(Mckinnon,2013),自下而上分为B1、B2、B3、B4等4个油组(Fraser et al., 2003),本次重点研究主力油层B4油组,内部可划分LB4、UB4共2个砂组,细分为6个小层(图 1-d),各小层内部又可以细分为多期海底扇沉积。
总体上,研究区目的层的海底扇储层由海底水道、朵叶体与块状搬运体等沉积单元组成(Fraser et al., 2003;Mckinnon,2013;Taylor et al., 2020)。岩性以粗砂岩、中—细砂岩为主,石英含量较高、分选较好、泥质含量较低,受到的压实作用较弱,储层表现出较高的孔渗性,平均孔隙度约为24%,平均渗透率约为1600×10-3 μm2,渗透率最高可达10 000×10-3 μm2以上,为高孔高渗储层。
海底扇形成会受到多种因素的综合影响,因而表现出复杂、多样的构型特征。物源供给是影响海底扇砂体构型的重要控制因素,在细粒、富泥沉积物供给下,海底扇主要由弯曲水道与溢岸组成,延伸长度较远; 在粗粒、富砂沉积物供给下,海底扇以朵叶成因砂体为主,延伸长度较短,水道呈顺直状(Reading and Richards,1994;Hawie et al., 2019)。海平面变化则可以通过影响物源供给速率与类型,影响海底扇砂体的成因类型与规模(Gong et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2018)。深水环境中通常还存在各种类型的底流,可形成大规模的沉积物波以及底流改造后的海底扇沉积(Gong et al., 2018;Chen et al., 2024)。
研究区B4油组沉积时期,气候相对干旱、海平面相对较低,物源供给能力强(Hesselbo,2008;Hesselbo et al., 2009),因此,海底扇砂体表现出厚度大、砂泥比高(约为2)、粒度较粗(粗—中砂为主)、砂包泥的沉积特点,为典型的富砂型海底扇,主要发育朵叶体沉积,水道的弯曲度较低。但是,B4油组内部,海平面变化不大、物质供给相似,垂向上不同期次海底扇砂体的构型特征仍存在一定的差异,同一期次海底扇不同部位的构型也有差异,仅靠物源供给与海平面变化,不易解释清楚。
陆坡微盆地特征则是影响海底扇构型的另一个重要因素。前人提出了充填—溢出的海底扇建造模式,即重力流优先充填靠近物源一侧的微盆地而后再向靠近盆地一侧的微盆地溢出充填(Prather et al., 1998)。在微盆地内部,其古地貌主要通过影响可容空间的变化来控制内部海底扇的构型分布演化,例如,海底扇朵叶体优先充填于可容空间较大的区域,水道所需要的可容空间相比朵叶体要小(李磊等,2010;Prather et al., 2012;张佳佳和吴胜和,2019)。研究区海底扇沉积期处于一个正断层相关的断槽内部,横向上发育断槽,纵向上发育多级坡折。断槽使得微盆地的侧向限制性增强(Mckinnon,2013;Tian et al., 2024),进而导致海底扇朵叶体分布局限,面积较小而厚度较大(Prélat et al., 2010;张佳佳和吴胜和,2019)(图 9)。断槽所导致的南深北浅、南陡北缓古地貌,造就了南大北小的可容空间侧向差异分布,在LB4沉积时期,海底扇朵叶体优先充填于南部,并逐渐向北部迁移叠置,并迫使海底扇延伸方向发生转变、形态由朵状转变为舌状(图 13-a)。但是,断槽内部的纵向多级坡折地貌对海底扇构型的控制作用与控制机理尚不清楚。
研究区海底扇构型与纵向多级坡折地貌存在着明显的耦合关系,主要体现在2个方面:
其一,纵向多级坡折控制了研究区海底扇构型单元平面组合样式。LB4油组沉积时期,研究区发育着3级坡折,在一级下斜坡内,海底扇砂体不发育,主要为过路沉积,造就了近源过路型海底扇的形成; 在二级下斜坡内,发育2~4个向不同方向延伸的分支水道与溢岸沉积; 在三级下斜坡内,发育厚层的水道化朵叶体与朵叶体沉积,而同期朵叶体之间侧向拼接(图 13-a)。这种耦合关系的形成机理可以通过纵向多级坡折控制的水动力变化来解释。坡度的大小通过影响流速大小决定着海底浊流的侵蚀还是沉积,而坡折则导致流速快速减小从而增加下斜坡的沉积作用(García and Parker,1989;García,1993;郭彦英和黄河清,2013;Pohl et al., 2020)。研究区断槽西侧边界发育较陡斜坡,坡度约为7.5°,而一级下斜坡的坡度仅为1.2°,坡折处的坡度差达到6.3°。
前人基于水槽实验发现,在上斜坡的坡度大于6°时,水流流度宽度,表现出超临界流特征(佛罗德数大于1),上斜坡海底扇会发生完全的沉积过路,并且在下斜坡的近源段也会发生一段距离的沉积过路(Pohl et al., 2020),这就导致了研究区近源过路型海底扇的形成。坡折的大小则控制着海底扇砂体的厚度,研究区6.3°的坡折差也促进了LB4油组厚层海底扇的形成。上斜坡的坡度较大、沉积物供给强度较大,经过坡折后,水流仍具有较高的流速,下斜坡的沉积过路距离也较远(Pohl et al., 2020),在研究区LB4油组沉积时期,这一距离超过了一级下斜坡的距离,经过二级坡折的作用,水流进一步减速(佛罗德数小于1),海底扇砂体开始沉积于二级下斜坡。在沉积过路区域,水流流速较快并表现出超临界流特征(佛罗德数大于1),多可以侵蚀底形,形成过路水流; 在二级下斜坡的近端,水流流速降低,易发生水跃现象,并且,水流虽然开始表现出亚临界流特征(佛罗德数小于1),但佛罗德数仍较高,这样的水动力条件有利于形成水道—溢岸沉积(Wahab et al., 2022),水流减速过程中会发生一定的扩散作用,从而在研究区形成多个决口分支水道。水流经过二级坡折,流速进一步降低,佛罗德数也进一步减小,此时水流易发生扩散并形成朵叶体(Wahab et al., 2022),因此在相对开阔的三级下斜坡,砂体由分支水道与溢岸转变为水道化朵叶体与朵叶体沉积。
随着朵叶体的沉积,三级下斜坡逐渐被填平并形成沉积地貌凸起,可容空间相比二级下斜坡更小,而朵叶体需要的可容空间较大(李磊等,2010;Prather et al., 2012),因此不再形成于三级下斜坡而退积于二级下斜坡。相似地,在二级下斜坡被充填后,朵叶体被迫溯源退积至一级下斜坡,一级上斜坡与一级坡折的坡度逐渐减小,沉积过路的位置可退至一级上斜坡(Pohl et al., 2020),研究区范围内,海底扇由近源过路型转变为近源沉积型,一级坡折的坡度减小会导致砂体延伸长度增加、厚度减小,在局限性的一级下斜坡内部,海底扇砂体向北东方向偏转。此外,在限制性地貌环境下,朵叶体趋于呈舌状、垂向加积(Zhang et al., 2016;张佳佳和吴胜和,2019),与UB4-6小层内部2个海底扇砂体特征吻合。
6.2 断槽内部纵向微阶地控制下的海底扇构型模式
在同生正断层成因的陆坡微盆地内部,前人分别考虑了多级横向断阶(如Tillmans et al., 2021)、转换阶地(如Henstra et al., 2017;Tillmans et al., 2021)、断槽侧向限制作用(Mckinnon,2013;Tian et al., 2024)控制下的海底扇构型模式。本次研究发现,在断槽内部可发育纵向多级坡折,与横向断阶不同的是,并非由于横向正断层上下盘的高程差直接导致的,而是由于纵向同生正断层的差异活动性,导致断槽内部纵向上不同位置的沉降幅度存在差异,在斜坡背景下形成多级坡折。这种断槽内部的纵向多级坡折在同生断层成因的陆坡微盆地内部应是常见的,如北海三叉盆地内部、南海莺歌海盆地内部等,但纵向多级坡折控制下的海底扇构型模式尚未建立。
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