Relationship between coal accumulation in the North China Basin during the latest Carboniferous and onset of earliest Permian P1 glaciation: based on Coal #8+9 in Ordos Basin
1 Research Institute of Exploration & Development, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China
2 Exploration Department, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710000, China
3 State Key Laboratory for Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
LU Jing,born in 1976,is a professor and Ph.D. advisor at China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research on sedimentology,evaluation and development of coal-bearing mineral resources. E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn.
Coal accumulation is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle,facilitating the large-scale and long-term burial of atmospheric CO2 on land. It is one of the primary factors leading to a decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration,which in turn causes a drop in global temperatures and can trigger the onset of an ice age. At the end of the Carboniferous period,a basin-wide coal accumulation event(Coal #8+9)occurred in the North China Basin,after which the globe entered the Early Permian P1 ice age. This suggests a potential causal link between the widespread coal accumulation in the NCB and the onset of the P1 ice age. To investigate this relationship,this study focuses on Coal #8+9 in the Ordos Basin. Spectral analysis was performed on its natural gamma ray logging curves to reconstruct the accumulation duration of Coal #8+9. Based on coal thickness,carbon content,and apparent density data,the carbon burial rate of the peatland was reconstructed. Using this rate and the estimated area of the Late Carboniferous peatland in the NCB,the annual carbon burial amount in the basin during that time was calculated. Subsequently,based on existing atmospheric data,the annual reduction in atmospheric CO2 concentration resulting from this carbon burial was estimated,ultimately revealing the relationship between coal accumulation in the Late Carboniferous NCB and the onset of the P1 ice age. The results indicate that Milankovitch cycles of obliquity(35.5 kyr)and precession(21.7 kyr)were identified in Coal #8+9 of the North China Basin. The depositional duration is estimated to be between 98.31 kyr and 277.66 kyr,with an average of 188.20 kyr. The carbon burial rate of the peatland ranged from 42.41 to 78.87 g/·a, with an average of 59.21 g/m2·a. According to estimates of total atmospheric mass and CO2 concentration,removing approximately 2.13 GtC from the atmosphere is required to lower the atmospheric CO2 concentration by 1 μL/L. The annual carbon burial amount in the Late Carboniferous NCB was calculated to be between 3.82×107 t and 7.01×107 t,averaging 5.33×107 t. This corresponds to an annual reduction in atmospheric CO2 concentration of 1.79×10-2~3.33×10-2 μL/L,with an average of 2.51×10-2 μL/L. The atmospheric CO2 concentration before the end-Carboniferous coal accumulation was approximately 400 μL/L,while it was about 200 μL/L before the onset of the P1 ice age. Based on the average annual carbon burial rate of the NCB,it would take only about 8000 years to reduce atmospheric CO2 by 200 μL/L,reaching the level associated with the P1 ice age inception. However,the average depositional duration of Coal #8+9 is 188.20 kyr,far exceeding the time required to reach the ice age threshold. Therefore,the massive carbon burial in the NCB could have led to a rapid decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration just before the onset of the P1 glaciation. The decoupling of ρCO2 from continental silicate weathering,coupled with the rapid expansion of tropical rainforests and their repeated reorganization,indicates that the extensive coal accumulation in the NCB during the latest Carboniferous was the primary cause of the atmospheric CO2 decline preceding the P1 ice age.
被认为与第四纪冰室期气候变化模式类似的晚古生代冰室期(~360—260 Ma),在高纬度地区表现为多个与大气CO2浓度耦合的冰原生长—消融(冰期—间冰期)的气候旋回,大气CO2浓度变化也被认为是晚古生代气候变化的直接驱动因素(Montañez et al., 2016;Myers,2016;Fielding et al., 2023)。这对气候旋回驱动机制的认识和未来第四纪气候变化的预测具有重要意义。
始于早二叠世初的P1冰期,是晚古生代冰室期中冰川发育的顶峰(Montañez et al., 2016;Myers,2016),此时期对应着晚古生代最低的ρCO2(约200~300 μL/L)(Richey et al., 2020)和最高的ρO2(约36%~37%)(Mills et al., 2023)。普遍认为P1冰期开始时间约为299.0 Ma(Fielding et al., 2023),目前其最精确的锆石定年年龄为在山西保德扒楼沟剖面测得的298.925±0.073 Ma(Wu et al., 2021)。在格舍尔期晚期(约300 Ma),即晚石炭世华北盆地聚煤作用大规模开始时,大气CO2浓度一直在快速下降,从聚煤作用开始时的约500 μL/L下降到P1冰期开始时的约200 μL/L(Richey et al., 2020),这表明华北盆地晚石炭世的聚煤作用可能是导致大气CO2浓度下降的重要原因。在P1冰期形成之前,世界范围内仅华北盆地发育了大面积的泥炭地,并发生了广泛的聚煤作用,代表性煤层为#8+9煤,是华北盆地聚煤作用的巅峰,聚煤时间约为200 kyr,形成了晚石炭世到早二叠世全球范围内分布最广泛和最厚的煤层(Shao et al., 2024;Lü et al., 2025)。P1冰期开始前的这次华北盆地乃至世界范围内最大的聚煤作用,可能是导致P1冰期开始的最直接原因,即“压死骆驼的最后一根稻草”。
大陆风化和有机碳埋藏均在调控晚古生代冰期气候过程中起主导作用(Chen et al., 2018)。然而前期研究表明,在石炭纪—二叠纪过渡期(303—297 Ma)存在大气CO2浓度与大陆硅酸盐风化的解耦现象(Chen et al., 2018),并且此时期大气CO2浓度变化与热带森林反复重组之间存在耦合关系(Montañez et al., 2016),这些证据不仅证明了有机碳埋藏是导致P1冰期开始前大气CO2浓度快速下降的重要因素,而且可能是主控因素。Lü 等(2025)计算了华北盆地在晚格舍尔期到早阿瑟尔期的碳埋藏速率和碳埋藏量,指出华北盆地有机碳埋藏是导致晚古生代大气CO2浓度快速下降、并使晚古生代冰期达到顶峰的重要原因,但是当前年代地层格架精度较低,无法聚焦到P1冰期开始前华北盆地#8+9煤聚煤作用对于大气CO2浓度快速下降的影响,尚无法确定华北盆地晚格舍尔期到早阿瑟尔期的有机碳埋藏是299 Ma时晚古生代冰期达到顶峰的唯一定因(Lü et al., 2025),而本次研究聚焦于华北盆地#8+9煤聚煤作用,是对其研究的重要补充。
煤作为泥炭地的产物和重要的沉积载体,通过研究煤中碳聚集速率,进而可以分析泥炭地碳聚集速率。研究煤中碳聚集速率,需要准确地确定煤层沉积时限,虽然古生物化石定年、古地磁测年、地球物理测年、放射性同位素定年技术应用广泛,但测试结果存在较大误差范围,对煤层等需要高精度定年的沉积物实用性较差。近年来,基于米兰科维奇理论的旋回地层学分析已被视为建立连续地层时间约束的可靠方法(Hinnov,2013)。地球天文轨道的变化调节地球接收的太阳辐射总量,最终影响从千年到百万年时间尺度的全球气候周期性波动(Imbrie et al., 1984;邵龙义等,2022),而这些周期性变化被保存在厚煤层中。通过从厚煤层中的气候敏感指标中提取天文信号,并基于同时期的天文轨道参数建立连续时间标尺,利用它的时间度量特性可以计算出煤层的沉积时限(Large et al., 2003,2004;邵龙义等,2011)。例如,邵龙义等(2022)在二连盆地胜利煤田早白垩世厚达244.7 m的6号煤层中识别出了短偏心率、斜率和岁差周期; 李雅楠等(2018)在准噶尔盆地南缘的中侏罗世早期西山窑组的厚度分别为35.9 m(43号煤)和13.2 m(3号煤)的煤层中识别出了短偏心率、斜率和岁差周期。这些证据表明,在厚煤层中普遍存在米兰科维奇旋回周期,可以精确地计算煤层的沉积时限。
晚古生代时期,华北地块位于北半球热带区域,约北纬15°~19°(Scotese,2014;Huang et al., 2018; 图1-a),属于低纬度地区,气候温暖湿润。在经历长期风化剥蚀后,该地块自晚石炭世开始再次接受沉积,并在克拉通内盆地中发育了广泛的含煤岩系,沉积环境主要为潮坪、潟湖和浅海碳酸盐台地(图1-b)。在晚古生代,鄂尔多斯盆地是华北盆地内部的一个稳定区块,其沉积-构造演化与华北盆地保持一致,现今鄂尔多斯盆地的形成是华北克拉通盆地收缩破坏的结果,是对华北克拉通盆地的继承性发展(阮壮等,2021)。
P1冰期开始前华北盆地广泛发育古泥炭地(邵龙义等,2014),并发生聚煤作用,华北盆地面积约150万平方千米(李明培等,2020;图1-b),其中植被覆盖面积至少100万平方千米(Lü et al., 2025)。李明培等(2020)通过对华北盆地535个钻孔和剖面资料中太原组煤层和标志层的大数据分析,认为此层煤在华北盆地广泛发育,分布范围西至银川、东至济南、北至北京、南至徐州,几乎在全华北盆地分布,聚煤面积约90万平方千米。此煤层可以进行全华北盆地对比: 陕西渭北、府谷石炭—二叠系煤田10、11煤,陕北吴堡石炭—二叠系煤田 t1、${\mathrm{t}}_{1}^{\mathrm{上}}$煤(t1煤局部分岔),山西河东煤田8、9煤,太原西山8、9煤,山西阳泉15煤,河南禹州—平顶山—鹤壁—永城一1、一2煤,河北峰峰8、9煤,河北柳江5煤,山东淄博—兖州16、17、18煤,内蒙古桌子山15、16煤,内蒙古准格尔9、10煤,内蒙古乌达6、7煤,宁夏贺兰山8、9煤,京西M6、M7煤,安徽淮北16煤,以及江苏徐州21煤等煤层可进行横向对比。本研究将这层煤统一称为#8+9煤,图2为太原组#8+9煤层对比结果。
华北盆地#8+9煤位于太原组内,太原组主要由灰岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、碳质泥岩和煤层组成(陈钟惠,1990;Li et al., 2021; 图1-c)。太原组沉积环境以生长陆生和滨岸植被的广阔、低洼的海岸平原为主,这些平原周期性地被大规模海侵淹没,#8+9煤成煤环境与大部分煤层相同,形成于潮坪—潟湖沼泽环境(Shao et al., 2024)。
本研究在鄂尔多斯盆地共利用9个钻孔#8+9煤层资料,包括自然伽马测井、煤层厚度、碳含量、视密度和惰质组含量等(表1)。自然伽马测井数据作为一个古气候指标已经被广泛用来进行旋回地层学的研究(Hua et al., 2023;Shao et al., 2024)。较高的自然伽马值指示黏土含量较高,较低的自然伽马值指示砂岩和碳酸盐含量丰富的沉积物(边晓等,2024;Shao et al., 2024;Bian et al., 2025),本次研究使用自然伽马测井数据进行旋回地层学分析,采样间隔为0.125 m。旋回地层学时间序列分析的基本步骤包括数据预处理、频谱分析、滤波、调谐、建立年代(时间)标尺等(Shao et al., 2024)。本研究使用Acycle 2.8软件进行旋回地层学分析(Li et al., 2019)。
数据预处理可以消除非轨道因素对分析结果造成的影响,主要包括插值与重取样、去极值、去趋势化、预白化等,其中的去趋势化操作对于时间序列分析十分关键。由于受到沉积盆地构造活动等因素的影响,古气候替代性指标数据中常常会存留一些长周期趋势(Li et al., 2019)。去除这些长周期趋势,可以避免频谱分析中的低频成分对高频成分的影响,从而提高频谱分析结果的准确度。本研究使用Acycle 软件中提供的局部加权回归(LOWESS)方法来去除GR测井数据中的长周期趋势。
频谱分析识别了保存在代理数据中的轨道参数的周期信息。多窗谱(MTM)被用于频谱分析,置信水平评估则采用稳健AR(1)红噪声模型(Mann and Lees,1996)。
调谐是将沉积物或古气候替代性指标中的旋回记录(滤波曲线)与偏心率、地轴斜率、岁差的理论目标曲线进行对比的操作(Shao et al., 2024),目的是以此为基础建立高分辨率的天文年代标尺。本研究使用Acycle软件中“建立年龄模型”功能,给每个天文周期滤波旋回赋值相应时间,将深度域数据转换为时间域数据,然后使用“时间标尺”功能生成时间标尺,得到精确的煤层沉积时间。
泥炭地中聚集的碳的总量等于煤层中保存的碳和泥炭转化为煤的过程中损失的碳的总和,与泥炭压缩等因素无关(Clymo et al., 1998)。利用煤层中的碳含量、视密度和煤层的沉积速率(V)得出煤中碳聚集速率(Vc)(公式1)。成煤过程中损失的碳含量,可以利用Large和Marshall(2015)中不同碳含量(Cdaf)和视密度(ARD)求出对应的碳保留量(Cremained),从而得出泥炭地碳聚集速率(Vp)(公式2)。华北盆地的每年有机碳埋藏量是通过泥炭地碳聚集速率(Vp)乘以华北盆地的泥炭地面积得到的(公式3)。
晚古生代,大气CO2浓度波动与全球海进—海退周期高度同步,在长期时间尺度(106~107年)的冰期与间冰期旋回中可能扮演了核心驱动角色,对气候变化具有显著控制作用(Montañez et al., 2016;Richey et al., 2020)。降低晚古生代大气二氧化碳浓度的因素,主要有赤道附近中央泛大陆山脉的隆起引起的硅酸盐风化作用增强和热带雨林扩张引起的巨量碳埋藏; 增加晚古生代大气二氧化碳浓度的因素,主要有野火和有机质氧化直接释放的CO2和火山活动引起的CO2释放,火山活动可以直接向大气中排放二氧化碳和甲烷(Gales et al., 2020),也可以燃烧地下碳库向大气中释放大量的二氧化碳(Lu et al., 2022)。
P1冰期开始前的火山活动主要集中在斯卡格拉克中心和塔里木大火成岩省(图7;Torsvik et al., 2008;Xu et al., 2014)。Wang等(2026)在鄂尔多斯盆地格舍尔末期发现了显著的Hg、Hg/TOC及Hg同位素异常(图7),认为是斯卡格拉克中心大火成岩省喷发导致的。火山活动一般会释放二氧化碳和引起地下碳库的燃烧,造成大气二氧化碳浓度的上升,但是这显然与P1冰期开始前大气ρCO2降低的情况相反(图7; Richey et al., 2020),这表明斯卡格拉克中心大火成岩省引起的大气二氧化碳浓度上升被其他降低大气CO2浓度的因素抵消。火山活动虽然会释放硫酸盐气溶胶引起气温降低,但是这些影响都是短期的,并且不会影响大气CO2浓度及造成长时间的大规模冰期。本次研究中,在鄂尔多斯盆地#8+9煤中发现了大量的惰质组,含量范围为7.19%~39.04%(平均21.13%)(表1),这表明在#8+9煤中发生了大规模的野火和有机质氧化作用,向大气中释放了大量的CO2,这也与前人在华北盆地柳江地区的研究一致(王野等,2025)。此时期大气氧气浓度处于地质历史时期高值(约36%~37%),极易发生野火和有机质氧化,虽然此时期除华北地区的全球其他地区还没有野火事件的报道,但是极高的大气氧气含量对于有机质的氧化作用及增加大气二氧化碳浓度可能具有重要意义。综上,引起晚石炭世末大气二氧化碳浓度显著降低的可能的主要驱动因素为硅酸盐风化作用增强和热带雨林扩张引起的巨量碳埋藏,此时期的野火、有机质氧化和火山作用可能会减缓大气二氧化碳浓度的降低。
晚石炭世末聚煤作用高峰期开始时间与大气二氧化碳开始快速下降的时间吻合(Garbelli et al., 2019; Fielding et al., 2023; Lü et al., 2025; 图7),期间大气CO2浓度快速降低至200~300 μL/L(Richey et al., 2020; 图7),处于晚古生代的最低值,已记录冰川沉积的数量也快速增加(Soreghan et al., 2019; 图7),同时古雨林面积也在快速增加(Cleal and Thomas,2005),这些证据都表明聚煤作用可能是触发P1冰期开始的重要原因。Montañez等(2016)建立了晚古生代莫斯科夫阶碳聚集速率模型,以查明碳埋藏和冰期的联系,结果表明,以石松为主的森林的全球年碳埋藏量介于3~10 GtC/a,相当于年降低大气CO2浓度1.4~4.7 μL/L,表明有机碳埋藏是导致大气ρCO2下降和触发冰期开始的重要原因。但是此模型未考虑植物体风化及埋藏过程中释放的碳,并且也未考虑野火作用对于碳埋藏的削弱作用,因此其数值是偏大的。Lü等(2025)通过收集煤、碳质泥岩与暗色泥页岩中的总有机碳含量,基于精确的年代地层格架,恢复了华北盆地在格舍尔期末期至阿瑟尔期早期有机碳埋藏量及埋藏速率,表明华北盆地此时期巨量碳埋藏使大气CO2浓度显著下降,对触发和维持早阿瑟尔期晚古生代大冰期达到顶峰作出了重要贡献。
关于晚石炭世到早二叠世过渡期(303—297 Ma)硅酸盐风化对于大气二氧化碳的影响,最近的研究表明此时期87Sr/86Sr值快速下降(图7),很可能记录了大陆硅酸盐风化的减弱(Chen et al., 2018)。此次大陆硅酸盐风化减弱的现象也被华北盆地的CIA指标验证,Yang等(2020)和Li等(2023)分别在华北盆地的永城和安鹤地区发现了在299 Ma之前CIA下降的现象。
大陆硅酸盐风化的减弱和大气CO2浓度降低产生了矛盾,这表明造成大气CO2浓度降低另有原因。P1冰期开始前,ρCO2最低值与早二叠世最早期ρO2峰值同时出现,只有热带森林广泛发育可以解释此现象,而此时期华北盆地恰好广泛发育泥炭地,并埋藏了巨量的有机碳。晚石炭世末全球聚煤作用主要发生在华北盆地,面积约90万平方千米(李明培等,2020),虽然全球其他地区(如澳大利亚东部、非洲南部、南美东部和印度)同期也存在有机碳埋藏,但这些区域的早阿瑟尔期沉积以泥岩为主,主要煤层多形成于阿瑟尔期之后(Holz et al., 2002;Ketzer et al., 2003;Desjardins et al., 2009),因此其碳埋藏规模与效率相对有限。在石炭纪—二叠纪过渡期(303—297 Ma),ρCO2与大陆硅酸盐风化的解耦(Chen et al., 2018),与古雨林面积快速增加和热带森林反复重组耦合(Cleal and Thomas,2005;Montañez et al., 2016),表明华北盆地的有机碳埋藏在P1冰期开始前可能主导了大气CO2浓度降低的过程。
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