新疆克拉玛依红山湖剖面白垩系清水河组结核成因及其意义*
纪友亮 , 李易伦 , 周勇 , 祁利琪 , 高崇龙 , 任影 , 张阳 , 孙廷彬 , 于景维
古地理学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (3) : 893 -905.
新疆克拉玛依红山湖剖面白垩系清水河组结核成因及其意义*
Genesis and significance of concretions in the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation at Hongshanhu section,Karamay,Xinjiang
以新疆克拉玛依红山湖剖面白垩系清水河组中的砂岩“结核”为研究对象,系统研究了含砂岩“结核”地层的岩性特征、砂岩“结核”的外表形态、内部结构、物质组成、形成环境和成因。红山湖剖面白垩系清水河组主要发育一套滨岸浅水三角洲相大型交错层理砂岩,在不同期次的分流河道底部砂岩中广泛发育有球状、半球状、椭球状及其他形状的砂岩“结核”。关于这种结核的成因,目前有3种观点: (1)球形风化成因说;(2)成岩成因说;(3)内碎屑成因说。为了搞清楚砂岩“结核”的成因,通过野外地质剖面实测、岩石学薄片观察,系统研究了该类“结核”的宏观产状、微观结构、物质组成及与宿主砂岩的成因关联。研究结果表明: 该“结核”并非内碎屑,而是在同生—成岩阶段,砂岩经历了“结核状”成岩胶结,后期抬升到地表后,又经历差异风化后的产物; “结核”中心普遍发育有炭化的植物碎屑,围绕植物碎屑向外依次形成含铁方解石和铁方解石胶结物环带,“结核”的层理构造与宿主砂岩的层理构造具有连续性,未受后期构造扰动; 砂岩“结核”因胶结致密,抗风化能力显著强于周围未胶结或弱胶结砂岩,经表生风化作用后呈现球形、半球形、椭球形及其他不规则形态。结合区域沉积背景与成岩环境分析,认为该类成岩“结核”的形成指示清水河组浅水三角洲沉积时分流河道水动力强、有机质输入充沛、早期成岩阶段孔隙水介质呈弱碱性—中性等特征,为胶结物沉淀提供了有利化学条件。研究成果不仅厘清了清水河组砂岩“结核”的成因争议,更为准噶尔盆地白垩系滨岸浅水三角洲沉积环境恢复与成岩作用演化研究提供了关键地质依据,对油气储集层的非均质研究和油气开发也具有参考价值。
This study focuses on sandstone “concretions” in the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation at the Hongshanhu Section. It systematically investigates the lithological characteristics of concretion-bearing strata,as well as the external morphology,internal structure,material composition,formation environment and genesis of the concretions. The Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation at the Hongshanhu Section mainly develops a set of shallow-water delta facies sandstones with large-scale cross-bedding. Spherical,hemispherical,ellipsoidal,and other shaped sandstone “concretions” are widely distributed in the bottom sandstones of distributary channels of different stages. Currently,there are three viewpoints on the genesis of these concretions: (1)spherical weathering genesis;(2)diagenetic genesis;(3)intraclast genesis. To clarify their genesis,this paper systematically studies the macro occurrence,microtexture,material composition of the concretions,and their genetic relationship with host sandstones through field geological section measurement and petrographic thin section observation. The results show that the concretions are not intraclasts,but products of “concretionary” diagenetic cementation of sandstones during the syngenetic-diagenetic stage,followed by differential weathering after uplift to the surface. Carbonized plant detritus is commonly developed in the center of the “concretions”,with ferruginous calcite and calcite cement zonations sequentially formed outward around the plant detritus. The bedding structure of the “concretions” is consistent with that of the host sandstones without later tectonic disturbance. Due to dense cementation,the sandstone “concretions” have significantly stronger weathering resistance than the surrounding uncemented or weakly cemented sandstones,presenting spherical,hemispherical,ellipsoidal,and other irregular shapes after epigenetic weathering. Combined with the analysis of regional sedimentary background and diagenetic environment,it is believed that the formation of such diagenetic “concretions” indicates strong hydrodynamic forces in distributary channels,abundant organic matter input during the shallow-water delta deposition of the Qingshuihe Formation,and weakly alkaline-neutral pore water medium during the early diagenetic stage,which provided favorable chemical conditions for cement precipitation. The research results not only clarify the controversy over the genesis of sandstone “concretions” in the Qingshuihe Formation,but also provide key geological evidence for the restoration of the Cretaceous shoreline shallow-water delta sedimentary environment and the study of diagenetic evolution in the Junggar Basin,and have reference value for the heterogeneity research of oil and gas reservoirs and oil and gas development.
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*国家自然科学基金项目(42072115)
新疆维吾尔自治区“天池英才”计划资助项目
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