1 School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
2 Natural Gas Geology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
3 Shale Gas Research Institute, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610051, China
4 Research Branch of Southwest Petroleum University, Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs,CNPC, Chengdu 610500, China
CHEN Lei,born in 1985,is a professor,and is mainly engaged in unconventional oil and gas geological research. E-mail: cl211@126.com.
WANG Yuan,born in 2002,is a master degree candidate,and is mainly engaged in unconventional oil and gas geological research. E-mail: 17836061727@163.com.
The Qiongzhusi Formation in the Upper Yangtze Region is currently a key target for shale gas exploration. To reconstruct the sedimentary paleoenvironment of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin,this study takes the Qiongzhusi Formation shales from Well A1 as the research object,and explores the weathering intensity,paleoclimatic characteristics,tectonic setting,and provenance features during their deposition through geochemical analyses of major elements,trace elements,and rare earth elements. The results reveal enrichment of TFe2O3,MgO,and K2O,and depletion of SiO2,Al2O3,and Na2O in major elements. Among trace elements,Mo and Cd are strongly enriched,whereas Sr is significantly depleted. The REE distribution patterns are comparable to those of the upper continental crust,showing a right-inclined “V”shape with LREE enrichment,flat HREE trends,distinct LREE-HREE fractionation,and notable negative Eu anomalies. CIA values range from 48.16 to 69.36(average 64.03),and A-CN-K diagrams indicate moderate chemical weathering under a warm and humid climate. The Th/Sc-Zr/Sc plot suggests a first-cycle sedimentary origin for the shale,with no evidence for significant sedimentary recycling. Provenance diagrams(K2O-Rb,TiO2-Zr,Co/Th-La/Sc,and Th/Sc-Zr/Sc)consistently imply intermediate to acidic felsic igneous sources. Major element discrimination and REE abundances(ΣREE=136.51~297.68×10-6,avg. 189.23×10-6,higher than average continental crust)support a passive continental margin setting. Based on paleoclimatic conditions,provenance characteristics,and tectonic setting,it is inferred that the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation shales in southern Sichuan were deposited in a passive continental margin under a warm,humid climate with moderate chemical weathering,predominantly sourced from intermediate-acidic felsic igneous rocks of the Kangdian-Yunnan craton with negligible hydrothermal influence.
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WANG Yuan,born in 2002,is a master degree candidate,and is mainly engaged in unconventional oil and gas geological research. E-mail: 17836061727@163.com.
页岩气是一种清洁高效的低碳化石能源,其资源量巨大,目前已经发展成为中国地质研究和油气勘探的重点目标(Curtis,2002;Jarvie et al., 2007;张金川等,2008a;邹才能等,2010,2024)。埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪作为地质历史上生物演化和重大环境变化的关键时期之一,全球气候、海洋环境、构造演化与生物演化等发生了剧烈变化(朱光有等,2020;陈威振等,2024)。四川盆地在埃迪卡拉纪至寒武纪过渡期形成了完整的海相地层序列,为揭示该关键过渡期的古海洋沉积环境变迁规律提供了理想的研究载体。五峰组—龙马溪组已在四川盆地多个区块实现规模开发(张金川等,2008b;郭旭升,2014;马新华,2018;张成林等,2021),筇竹寺组成为下一步极具潜力的海相页岩气勘探开发目标(梁峰等,2022;杨学锋等,2025)。
碎屑沉积物的化学组成受到母岩成分、风化作用和成岩作用等多种因素的共同影响(Taylor and McLennan,1985;操应长等,2018;张茜等,2020;秦何星等,2024)。页岩作为碎屑沉积岩的重要组成部分,相较于其他硅质碎屑岩类,能够更准确地反映地壳物质的平均化学组成(Qadrouh et al., 2021;Ma et al., 2023)。此外,这类岩石还具有显著的地质记录功能,能够较好地保留母岩的原始属性及其经历的成岩演化过程(Chen et al., 2022)。学者们发现通过系统分析页岩元素组成特征,能够有效推断母岩区的岩石类型及其形成时的构造背景(张茜等,2020;Chen et al., 2022;王跃等,2022;Ma et al., 2023)。页岩中稳定且溶解度低的元素的比值受到物源组成的影响(Roser and Korsch,1988)。研究表明,以Ti、Al为代表的主量元素以及Th、Cr、Zr、Hf等微量元素,在风化、搬运、沉积及成岩等地质过程中基本保持原始组成特征(McLennan,1989),不因外界环境改变而发生分异或仅呈现规律性变化并且在海水中的停留时间较短。因此,通过对其含量的系统分析,特别是通过单个元素或多个元素组合的判别方法,能够有效识别沉积岩的源区岩石类型及其形成时的构造环境(Terakado and Fujitani,1998;Zhao et al., 2016)。
前人对四川盆地及其周缘筇竹寺组地层开展了大量研究,主要包括页岩岩相与发育特征(刘忠宝等,2017;罗锦宇等,2023;郭彤楼等,2025)、层序充填和古环境演化模式(吴冬等,2023;陈威振等,2024)、页岩气富集条件与机制(刘忠宝等,2022;雍锐等,2024)、烃源岩评价及有利区优选等(杨威等,2012;魏国齐等,2022),由此取得了较为丰硕的成果(Zou et al., 2014;谢武仁等,2022)。对于盆地及其周缘古环境也开展了一些研究,研究表明筇竹寺组在绵阳—长宁拉张槽内,中上部深水陆棚细粒沉积具有较高的生产力(李依林等,2022),而浅水陆棚沉积序列古生产力较低(赵建华等,2019)。下寒武统筇竹寺组整体上物源较为一致,岩性差异不大,沉积水体主要为还原环境,中—上部地层沉积时含氧量增加,过渡为贫氧—微氧化环境(曹婷婷等,2018)。然而对富有机质页岩系形成的沉积环境的认识仍存在一定分歧,一些学者认为筇竹寺沉积期极端温暖的气候加速了化学风化和陆源碎屑物质的输入,但主要是海底热液造就缺氧、富硅富铁的海洋环境(陈代钊等,2011),促进黑色岩系的形成和有机质的富集; 另外一些学者则认为上扬子地区筇竹寺组黑色岩系主要与上升流和闭塞水体的强还原环境有关。古环境与地球化学分析结果尚不统一,对于沉积环境演化与氧化还原指标的认识亦存在较大分歧(Li et al., 2018;朱光有等,2020;程建和郑伦举,2020)。现有研究普遍认为早寒武世海洋环境呈现氧化分层现象,即表层水体处于氧化状态而深层水体则表现为缺氧或富氧状态,且深海区域可能已开始大规模氧化并且发生在寒武纪早期的生物大爆发事件,进一步证实了深层海水的氧化(Jin et al., 2014;陈威振等,2024)。在此背景下四川盆地南部发育了以陆棚相沉积体系为主的筇竹寺组(程建和郑伦举,2020;陈威振等,2024)。但有些学者认为四川盆地南部筇竹寺组沉积期始终处于浅水—深水陆棚相沉积环境之中(程建和郑伦举,2020;陈威振等,2024)。总体而言,学者们对于川南地区筇竹寺组烃源岩发育规模、储集层特征、有机质富集机制和油气勘探与预测等方面已经取得了一系列认识(程建和郑伦举,2020;朱光有等,2020),利用地球化学分析方法,推断其沉积环境演化方面的研究较多,但仍存在较大分歧。基于此,本研究选取川南地区作为典型研究区域,通过系统分析A1井的主量、微量、稀土元素含量测试数据和有机质丰度测试数据,探讨研究区筇竹寺组页岩形成时的古气候特征、物源区性质和构造环境等,为后续页岩气勘探开发研究奠定一定理论基础。
式中: 各成分均以摩尔数为单位,K2Ocorr为消除K交代作用后岩石中K2O的含量,m为母岩中 K2O 的占比,本研究中 m 值的参考值为0.10988919(杨永祯等,2024),由此得到对研究区校正后的 CIAcorr值。
2.3 测试结果
2.3.1 主量元素特征
川南地区筇竹寺组页岩TOC含量介于0.11%~4.40%之间,平均值为1.73%。筇竹寺组页岩样品SiO2含量为54.10%~67.52%,平均为60.63%,表明页岩中富含硅质矿物; Al2O3含量为11.33%~16.45%,平均值为13.58%(表1);TFe2O3含量在2.32%~7.92%之间,平均值为5.12%,Fe元素的富集可能与筇竹寺组页岩富含黄铁矿有关(表1)。碱性元素Na2O、K2O、CaO和MgO含量的平均值分别为2.22%、3.61%、3.10%和2.68%。P2O5、TiO2和MnO的平均含量均小于1.00%。将页岩样品主量元素与上地壳元素含量(UCC)(Taylor and McLennan,1985)进行对比显示,TFe2O3、MgO和K2O等元素富集,SiO2、Al2O3和Na2O等元素亏损(表1;图3-A)。
2.3.2 微量元素特征
通过对比研究区筇竹寺组页岩样品微量元素含量与UCC元素丰度(Taylor and McLennan,1985,1995;McLennan,2001)可以看出,Mo和Cd两种元素表现出强烈富集的特征; Ni、Zr和Th等元素并未表现出明显的富集特征; Li、V、Cu等元素表现出弱富集的特征; Be、Co等元素呈现出弱亏损的特征; Sr元素表现出强烈亏损的特征(表2;图3-B)。
采用球粒陨石标准化方法对筇竹寺组页岩样品中的稀土元素(REE)含量进行归一化处理(图5)。LaN/YbN与形成环境有关,在受陆源影响的环境中,轻稀土元素富集比较明显(LaN/YbN=1.49~1.74),LaN/YbN一般会随陆源碎屑输入的增多呈有规律的递增; 而在远洋或者深海盆地中,轻稀土元素明显亏损(LaN/YbN在0.70左右),洋中脊更低(LaN/YbN平均在0.30左右)(杜远生等,2007;Bai et al., 2015)。研究区筇竹寺组页岩LaN/YbN值介于3.78~15.24之间,平均为6.59,反映其受物源影响较大。本次研究的重点层段1、3、5和7小层的LaN/YbN值分别为4.55、11.97、6.15和5.96,表明其均形成于大陆边缘环境,1、5、7小层沉积期水体相对较浅,3小层沉积期水体相对较深。δEu值介于0.68~0.90之间,平均为 0.77,表现为负异常特征(表3)。川南地区筇竹寺组页岩样品的球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线呈V型向右倾斜,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素平坦式分布,Eu负异常特征明显(图5)。
3 讨论
3.1 沉积再循环与风化作用
在沉积过程中,Th/Sc值具有较好的稳定性,而Zr/Sc值则会在沉积旋回期间呈现增加的趋势,这归因于锆石矿物的持续富集(Qadrouh et al., 2021)。因此,Th/Sc与 Zr/Sc 二元图解(McLennan et al., 1993)可用于沉积再循环和沉积物分选的评价,当样品点平行于趋势线1分布时,Th/Sc和Zr/Sc值呈现线性关系,属于首次循环沉积产物,其化学组成基本保持源岩特征,未经历明显的分选和再旋回。反之,若样品点分布符合趋势线2的特征,表现为Zr元素显著富集,则反映沉积物受到了分选和再旋回作用的影响,属于再循环沉积产物。
川南筇竹寺组页岩样品中,大部分样品点Th/Sc与Zr/Sc值呈现显著的正相关关系,但有1个样品点偏离趋势线(图6)。这一比值变化特征与组分变化趋势线1基本吻合,表明研究区页岩未经历多次沉积旋回的改造。A-CN-K图解(图7-A)(Nesbitt and Young,1984,1989)显示,筇竹寺组页岩样品的化学风化趋势与 A-CN线相交(图7-A),并且K元素富集(表1),表明研究区沉积岩在成岩期经历了钾的交代作用。交代作用使得岩石中钾含量增加,进而导致化学蚀变指数(CIA)的降低。对K2O含量进行公式校正(公式1-5),结果显示,样品点的分布趋势与A-CN边界线基本保持平行(图7-B)。筇竹寺组页岩样品在A-CN-K三元图解中的分布特征(图7-B)表明其经历了中等强度的化学风化作用。说明斜长石相较于钾长石基本上已经完全被风化,Na因强烈的化学风化作用而大量淋失,钠元素相较于钾元素更易遭受风化(郭若舜等,2018)。根据前人研究(Sheldon,2006;Algeo et al., 2011),化学风化作用的增强主要受控于温度升高、酸沉降增加以及成土反应速率加快,或是这些因素共同作用的结果。页岩样品与花岗闪长岩的风化趋势一致,少量样品分布在安山岩和花岗闪长岩之间(图7-B),初步表明川南地区筇竹寺组页岩的沉积源岩可能是长英质岩类或者安山岩类。
CIA值可以用来反映古气候条件。前人研究认为,较低的CIA值(<60)表明与寒冷和干旱条件有关的较弱的化学风化气候,中等CIA值(60~80)表明中等程度的化学风化可能与温暖和潮湿的气候有关,高CIA值(>80)表明与炎热和潮湿的气候有关的强烈化学风化气候(Nesbitt and Young,1982;Fedo et al., 1995)。铝(Al)主要富集于细粒层状硅酸盐黏土矿物中,其形成与硅酸盐化学风化有关(Penman et al., 2020)。钛(Ti)通常存在于重矿物(即金红石)中,通过风成通道进入海洋环境(Yarincik et al., 2000)。Ti/Al值可作为古气候重建的独立指标(Zhang et al., 2021)。高Ti/Al值通常表明风沙输入或风强度增强以及干旱气候(Beckmann et al., 2005)。同时,温室背景下的Ti/Al值与UCC相似(0.05),因为风成输入较低(Yarincik et al., 2000)。沉积岩的微量元素含量和某些元素的比值已在判断沉积环境中得到广泛应用。喜干型元素(Sr)和喜湿型元素(Cu)的比值可以反映古气候特征,Sr/Cu<10指示温湿气候,Sr/Cu>10指示干热气候(莱尔曼,1989)。
在碎屑岩形成过程中,铝、钛和锆等主量元素具有较强的稳定性,不受风化、搬运及成岩作用的影响,比如其氧化物(如Al2O3、TiO2和ZrO2)在低温溶液中不易溶解,其比值与源岩具有显著的相关性,因此常被用于碎屑岩的物源区属性研究(Hayashi et al., 1997)。有些稳定性较高的微量元素和稀土元素能够有效保存源岩的地球化学特征,因此常被用来判别物源类型(郭望等,2020)。TiO2与Zr的比值(TiO2/Zr)是推断源岩组成的重要地球化学参数,基性火成岩通常富含TiO2,而长英质火成岩则富集Zr元素(Tao et al., 2017)。不同岩性的TiO2/Zr值存在明显差异,镁铁质岩石、中间型岩石和长英质火成岩的TiO2/Zr值分别是大于200、55至200之间和小于55(Hayashi et al., 1997)。此外,分析稀土元素配分模式和Eu、Ce等元素的异常情况,可作为源岩确定的重要依据(Kasanzu et al., 2008)。
川南筇竹寺组页岩样品的测试数据显示,其K2O/Rb值的平均值为375.22。样品点在K2O-Rb二元图解中集中分布在中酸性成分区域(图8-A),说明研究区页岩的母岩成分主要来源于中酸性岩石。在TiO2-Zr二元图解中(图8-B),除了1个样品点落入基性火成岩区域,其余样品点都落入长英质火成岩区域,说明页岩物源主要是偏酸性的长英质火成岩类。川南地区筇竹寺组页岩样品的TiO2/Zr 值在22.91~50.33之间,平均值为 35.33,反映出长英质火成岩的特征。川南地区筇竹寺组页岩的Co/Th 值较低(平均值为1.40),La/Sc 值较高(平均值为2.48),符合中酸性岩的特征(Floyd and Leveridge,1987)。样品点在 Co/Th-La/Sc 二元图解中(图8-C)的分布特征,表明页岩源岩主要是长英质火山岩类。利用前人建立的Th/Sc-Zr/Sc双变量判别图版进行投点,所有样品点集中分布在安山岩与长英质火成岩之间(图8-D)。研究表明,长英质和中性火成岩通常具有较高的轻稀土总量与重稀土总量比值(ΣLREE/ΣHREE),表现为轻稀土元素相对富集而重稀土元素相对亏损的特征; 而基性火成岩表现出相反的特征(Roddaz et al., 2006)。如稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线所示(图5),研究区筇竹寺组页岩样品的轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,表明其源岩为长英质和中性火成岩。基于主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的地球化学综合分析,结果表明川南筇竹寺组页岩源岩主要为中酸性的长英质火成岩。
前人研究发现微量元素和稀土元素(如La、Sc和Cr等元素),在一定程度上记录了沉积活动中构造活动变化的情况,可用于推断沉积盆地的构造演化历史(Floyd and Leveridge,1987)。Bhatia和 Crook(1986)总结出不同构造背景下沉积岩的 REE分布特征(表4),可依据对比结果综合判断出最为接近的构造背景。此外,主量元素及其氧化物的比值是确定物源区构造背景的重要手段(Maynard et al., 1982)。
海底热液对页岩沉积具有重要影响(Yu et al., 2009)。海底热液活动可以通过Ba/Sr、Co/Zn值来判别。Zn-Ni-Co三角图可作为判断热液影响的方法之一(侯东壮等,2019)。在判断受热液影响的沉积物距离热液活动中心远近时,ΣREE/Fe值可作为有效指标,该比值越大,距离热液活动中心就越远,反之则越近(Olivarez and Owen,1989)。海水中海底热液的贡献量可通过(Eu/Sm)N-(Sm/Yb)N二元图解(Alexander et al., 2008)进行判断。研究表明,海底热液活动通常表现为显著的铕(Eu)正异常,Eu正异常程度可作为评估高温热液贡献量的重要依据(Bau and Dulski,1999)。
通常受海底热液影响的沉积物 Ba/Sr值大于1,正常海相沉积物的 Ba/Sr值小于1(Peter and Scott,1988)。研究区筇竹寺组页岩的 Ba/Sr值介于 5.60~33.94,普遍大于1,表明其沉积时受到海底热液影响。铁锰结核等正常沉积形成的岩石Co/Zn值一般在2.5左右,热液成因的沉积物中Co/Zn值约为0.15(张茜等,2018)。研究区筇竹寺组页岩的 Co/Zn值介于0.01~0.38,平均为 0.15,同样反映存在热液活动。样品点在Zn-Ni-Co三角图中,主要落在热水沉积物区域及其附近,进一步反映热液活动的存在(图10-A)。研究区筇竹寺组页岩的ΣREE/Fe值介于382.08×10-4~867.87×10-4之间,平均为555.73×10-4,说明研究区筇竹寺组页岩沉积时离热液活动中心较远。研究区筇竹寺组页岩样品点在(Eu/Sm)N-(Sm/Yb)N二元图解中接近于水成铁锰质地壳与海水(图10-B),表明在原始溶液中海底热液的占比尚不足 0.1%。此研究区样品均表现为Eu负异常进一步说明原始溶液中海底热液组分较少,对页岩沉积影响极小,推测其为远离热液活动中心的远端沉积(张茜等,2018)。
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