1 State Key Laboratory of Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2 National Nature Reserve for Natural Monument Management Center of Liujiang Basin in Hebei, Hebei Qinhuangdao 066000, China
3 The Third Geological Brigade of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Hebei Zhangjiakou 075000, China
4 Beijing Zhonghai Wobang Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
5 College of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
6 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
LU Jing,born in 1976,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor at China University of Mining & Technology(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in researches on sedimentology,evaluation and development of coal-bearing mineral resources. E-mail: lujing@cumtb.edu.cn.
LIU Haoqing,born in 2001,Ph.D. candidate,is mainly engaged in researches on sedimentology and reconstruction of ancient environment and climate. E-mail: BQT2300201002T@student.cumtb.edu.cn.
During the transition from the Early to Middle Permian (corresponding to the depositional shift between Shanxi and Lower Shihhotse Formations),the North China Basin underwent a basin-scale regression,characterized by a change in depositional environments from transitional facies(such as deltas,tidal flats,and lagoon)to terrestrial facies(fluvial-lacustrine systems),along with a southward migration of coal accumulation zones. In order to reveal the driving mechanisms behind this regression and associated changes in depositional environment,this paper focuses on the Shanxi and Lower Shihhotse Formation(referred to as the study stratum)in the Liujiang Coalfield,located at the northeastern margin of the North China Basin by using tectonic proxies(L/Q and TiO2)and climatic indicators(CIA). The results show that: (1)The source area during the depositional period of the study stratum experienced three tectonic stages of stability-activity-stability. It is consistent with the history of southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,which was recovered by the previous researchers using the tectonic deformation data and detrital zircon ages. (2)The palaeoclimate experienced three stages of alternating relatively warm-dry and hot-wet,which correspond well with the glacial-interglacial cycles at high latitudes in the same period. (3)The regression at the transition of Early and Middle Permian(change in depositional environment)in the study area was accompanied by enhanced tectonic activity in source area,intensified water circulation in interglacier,and the onset of declining global relative sea level(datum),suggesting that it was a forced regression driven by the enhanced sediment supply rate of the basin and declining global relative sea level. The enhanced tectonic activity and the intensified water circulation were the dominant controlling factors for the increase in sediment supply rates(production and transport rates).
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LIU Haoqing,born in 2001,Ph.D. candidate,is mainly engaged in researches on sedimentology and reconstruction of ancient environment and climate. E-mail: BQT2300201002T@student.cumtb.edu.cn.
全球变化正在以前所未有的速度重塑地球表层系统,迫使人类亟须从地质历史中探寻环境演化对生态系统的影响(仲钰天等,2023)。二叠纪具有大气二氧化碳浓度低、全球海平面高度与新近纪相似以及陆地主要环境为森林等特征,是揭示盆地内环境转化的最好时期(Frank et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2021a,2022)。
二叠纪发生了显生宙最极端的气候转变。早二叠世全球海平面持续上升,早二叠世晚期之后海平面开始下降,发生一次较大的海退事件(Haq and Schutter, 2008)。该时期联合古陆面积增大,揭开了北美、欧洲及冈瓦纳大陆晚古生代二级周期海退历程的序幕,华南川滇、江南与云开古陆等构造活动导致的古地理格局巨变都对其产生贡献。早二叠世华北盆地发育平缓、宽广的陆表海,微小的海平面起伏可导致大范围的暴露与淹没(陈洪德等,2011),致使海相与陆相地层互为夹层,并且海相夹层较薄且缺乏明显的环境指标。海侵—海退频率不一、生物演化不连续和古盐度环境指标灵敏度下降(范炳恒等,2000),导致对早中二叠世海平面变化的研究十分困难。同时,早、中二叠世之交,华北多地发现了由含煤砂岩向厚层砾岩再向大陆红层的岩性转变(尚冠雄,1997;Song et al., 2023),华北盆地整体由过渡相(三角洲、潮坪和潟湖等)向陆相(河流—湖泊)环境转化,聚煤中心向盆地南部(如两淮、平顶山等地区)迁移(尚冠雄,1997;邵龙义等,2014)。因此,对早、中二叠世之交华北盆地海退(沉积环境变化)的研究,不仅对揭示环境变化有重要意义(Zhang et al., 2022),还能为山西组煤层发育的终结以及晚二叠世—早三叠世红层的出现提供重要资料(Zhang et al., 2023)。
关于早、中二叠世之交海退事件的驱动机制,目前存在很多观点。传统观点认为,高纬度冰川生长与消融导致的海平面降低与升高,对低纬度陆地沉积环境造成了显著的影响(Montañez and Poulsen, 2013),即在晚古生代冰期,冈瓦纳大陆冰川起始、进退和消融引起的冰川性全球海平面变化,在低纬度地区很多海相、海陆交互相沉积序列中均有响应。也有学者进一步提出,海相和陆相交替出现的沉积序列是由米兰科维奇天文旋回引发的冰川进退所导致的全球海平面变化形成的(Ross and Ross,1985;仲钰天等,2023)。但是冰川运动是否能直接控制海平面变化,目前仍存在一些争议。前人依据澳大利亚东部地层的一系列地球化学和沉积学指标对早中二叠世冰川活动进行了较为完整的恢复,认为P2冰期指示广泛但不太强烈的冰川事件,P3冰期冰川发育程度更弱,可能指示高山冰川(Frank et al., 2015)。澳大利亚东部地层数据特征明显、连续性好,对冈瓦纳冰川活动有良好的响应,选用该地层数据恢复的冰川活动时间进一步指向早中二叠世。晚古生代的冰川型沉积记录显示,该时期高纬度冰川活动以多中心、多期次、不连续为特征,基本没有形成统一的冰盖,冰川总量相对较小,可能不足以造成超过50 m的海平面波动(Montañez and Poulsen, 2013)。也有学者认为,晚古生代的一些旋回和海退事件受区域构造运动影响,并非由冰川引起的全球海平面控制(Saltzman et al., 2000;仲钰天等,2023)。根据对二叠纪华北盆地物源的研究,有学者提出晚古生代华北盆地北缘沉积环境受古亚洲洋向南俯冲引起的内蒙古隆起影响强烈(张拴宏等,2007),其中早二叠世内蒙古隆升幅度较小,中晚二叠世发生了强烈隆升并伴随火山活动,使得物源供给量增加(马收先等,2014)。也有区域构造与气候(冰川活动)共同影响海平面变化的观点被提出,如有学者发现阿拉伯半岛近海地区环境受被动大陆边缘沉降与南半球冰川作用共同影响,使得早、中二叠世之交海平面呈现下降的趋势(Haq and Al-Qahtani, 2005)。因此,冰盖的增减不能被认为是古生代海平面波动的唯一原因,海平面短期变化可能还存在其他非气候因素控制(Haq and Schutter, 2008)。
本次研究利用构造活动指数(L/Q值,岩屑与石英的比值)恢复物源区的构造活动变化趋势(曹珂等,2008;Lu et al., 2020),并使用TiO2含量作为陆源碎屑输入速率的指标(Zhao et al., 2016)。在陆源碎屑输入稳定、沉积速率较为平缓的条件下,对粒径不同的砂岩进行碎屑颗粒分级统计,从而排除水动力差异与搬运过程对其造成的影响。对不同层位相似粒径的岩石L/Q值进行对比,由于构造活动增强会导致搬运距离缩短、岩屑含量损失减少,而石英抗风化能力强,因此岩屑含量高表明构造活动强烈,岩屑含量低表明构造活动相对稳定,即L/Q值越大构造活动越强烈,L/Q值越小则构造活动越弱(Lu et al., 2020)。TiO2主要来源于黏土矿物,风化、成岩作用期间化学性质稳定,因而被广泛用作陆源碎屑输入的指标(Tribovillard et al., 2006),一般来说,高TiO2含量表明陆源碎屑的输入更多、沉积速率更快(Ma et al., 2022)。
此外,依据化学蚀变指数(CIA)判断物源区的风化程度,恢复源区古气候变化(McLennan, 1993)。利用Th/U<6排除再旋回作用的影响(Bhatia and Taylor, 1981),依据A-CN-K三角图判断是否受到钾交代作用的影响,并通过CIAcorr计算公式校正得到最终CIA值(黄云飞等,2017;徐小涛等,2018)。CIA值为50~65,表示弱化学风化作用,气候寒冷干燥; CIA值为65~85,指示中等化学风化作用,气候温暖湿润; CIA值为85~100,表示强烈化学风化作用,气候炎热潮湿(Nesbitt and Young, 1989)。针对所有泥岩样品进行了校正,CIAcorr值的校正公式为:
根据微量元素测试与计算,研究区早中二叠世泥质岩样品中仅LJ198、LJ199、LJ208、LJ211、LJ219这5个样品的Th/U值大于6,推测其可能受到再旋回作用的影响(Bhatia and Taylor, 1981),CIA值相对较大。依据A-CN-K三角图(图 4),研究地层均有部分样品存在钾交代作用,故需要对CIA数据进行校正。
柳江煤田构造活动指数和TiO2含量记录了华北盆地物源区(内蒙古隆起)先增强后减弱的构造活动历史,且构造活动增强时期和早、中二叠世之交的海退时间吻合,说明物源区增强的构造活动是沉积环境变化的驱动力之一。从亚丁斯克中期到罗德中期研究区构造活动整体加强,与Yang等(2024)所恢复的赤峰及其邻区的锆石年龄分布与构造事件(古亚洲洋俯冲过程)有较好的对应。与前人恢复的由过渡相(滨岸—远滨和三角洲)向陆相(河流相)转变相似,研究地层垂向上为进积序列,物源供给量增加,表明物源区内蒙古隆起发生了隆升(马收先等,2014)。同时,山西组的三角洲前缘—平原沉积旋回序列,指示古亚洲洋闭合期间的复杂构造阶段; 下石盒子沉积期进入陆-陆碰撞阶段,构造活动逐渐加剧,海侵范围逐渐萎缩,形成自北向南推进的河流沉积体系(马帅等,2023)。物源快速隆升、盆地沉降幅度加大导致的陆源碎屑供给充足,迫使海岸线向东南方向迁移,从而引发了早二叠世末的海退。剧烈隆升造成的愈发倾斜的地势增强了海退的趋势(尚冠雄,1997),这一变化与前人恢复的华北与全球海平面变化(图 5,覃建雄等,1998;Boulila et al.,2021)相一致。海平面急剧下降始于二叠纪中期(罗德期),最终在晚二叠世早期(吴家坪期)达到晚古生代海平面的最低点(Haq and Schutter, 2008),因此研究区山西组沉积期向下石盒子组沉积期的沉积环境变化是由物源区构造活动所驱动的。
研究区气候指标(CIA)记录了早亚丁斯克期华北盆地气候向相对热湿的转变,并且此次气候变热与间冰期有较好的对应(图 5,Frank et al., 2015;Garbelli et al., 2019;Fielding et al., 2023)。前人根据陕西镇安西口高岭石含量变化对该时期气候进行了恢复(曹婷丽等,2017),罗德期气候变得湿热与Garbelli等(2019)恢复的间冰期对应性较好,但与研究区CIAcorr值恢复的气候变化趋势出现偏差,进一步说明构造活动对环境变化产生了一定影响,即早中二叠世内蒙古隆升引发了雨影效应,导致华北气候变暖(Tao et al., 2025),且不同区域气候变化同步,但与全球气候对应性相对较差。同时,亚丁斯克晚期—空谷早期,松柏类植物丰度出现的明显波动(Montañez et al., 2007)与P2冰期对应性较好,但之后植物丰度逐渐稳定并保持高值,与P3冰期对应性较差,也说明其他地区也存在对P3冰期响应较差的现象。综上,研究区恢复的气候变化可能受区域构造运动影响,与全球气候变化存在不一致。
综合分析华北盆地整体的构造与气候背景,研究区海退前的沉积环境主要受全球气候控制与影响,而海退后的沉积环境主要受区域构造运动控制。首先,P3冰期相比P2冰期程度更弱,可能代表高山冰川(Frank et al., 2015),而当冰川局限于极地圈时,海平面变化和天文轨道周期为控制热带区域降雨的主要因素,且大气温室气体浓度上升导致全球降雨量整体增加(Schneider et al., 2014;仲钰天等,2023),这使得P3冰期对华北的整体影响比P2冰期更弱。同时,受天文轨道周期、板块漂移导致气候带迁移等多因素控制,晚古生代热带地区降雨特征可能因冰期—间冰期转变而造成水循环增强(Lu et al., 2021b; Gao et al., 2022;仲钰天等,2023)。苏维等(2007)通过识别济宁大庆源-汇系统中锆石年龄的比例呈下降趋势而卵石的平均粒径则增加的现象,推测古亚洲洋的俯冲诱发华北不断隆升,形成类似安第斯高原的山地高原,使得海退后进入物源区抬升(沉积物供给增加)与水循环增强(沉积物搬运加强)的构造活动主导时期。这与华夏植物群由发生、发展到繁盛再到衰退的过程也有较好的对应,对比早二叠聚煤作用发展时期与晚二叠红层的逐渐发育(尚冠雄,1997),也有较好的对应性,并且促进了沉积物从过渡相向陆相的转变(Song et al., 2023;Wang et al., 2024)。
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