Carbon source-sink dynamics and carbon flux constraints in terrestrial lake systems during the EECO and MECO of the Eocene: a case study from Yilan Basin,Northeast China
1 College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
2 Key Laboratory for Oil Shale and Coexisting Minerals of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
KANG Jianan,born in 1999,Ph.D.,engaged in unconventional hydrocarbon resources,Eocene climate and environment,and carbon cycle research. E-mail: kangjn21@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
MENG Qingtao,born in 1984,Ph.D.,professor,engaged in sedimentology,petroleum geology,unconventional oil/gas reservoir formation theory & resource assessment,Meso-Cenozoic climate,environment,and carbon cycle research. E-mail: mengqt@jlu.edu.cn.
The Eocene represents a critical interval for understanding the evolution of the global carbon cycle. During this period,Northeast China experienced significant fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations,ranging from 454 to 1861 μmol/mol. While these variations underscore the region’s importance in carbon cycle research,current understanding of carbon cycling in terrestrial lake systems remains limited. Most studies have focused on modern lakes since the Pleistocene,leaving a notable gap in systematic research on carbon cycling in ancient lacustrine basins such as those of the Eocene. This study integrates multiple geochemical proxies with a quantitative carbon source-sink flux model to reconstruct organic carbon burial and carbon emissions in the Yilan paleo-lake basin during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum(EECO)and the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum(MECO)events. The findings reveal that the Yilan Basin exhibited peak primary productivity,organic carbon burial rates,and CO2 emissions from fossil carbon oxidation during the EECO. Despite substantial carbon release during these events,the net carbon fixed via photosynthesis(reaching 241650 Mt during the EECO)and the resulting buried organic carbon(~4028 Mt during the EECO)significantly exceeded CO2 emissions from fossil carbon oxidation(~1448 Mt during the EECO). Therefore,the Yilan Basin functioned as a net carbon sink in Northeast China during the EECO and MECO,serving as an important natural regulator of regional climate.
随着温室气体排放持续加剧全球变暖,全球碳循环过程已成为理解气候变化机制的核心研究议题(曲建升等,2003;IPCC,2014)。海洋碳循环和湖泊碳循环是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,与海洋相比,湖泊的碳源-汇强度更高(Keeling et al., 1996)。湖泊碳循环调控着水生与陆生生态系统中有机碳的迁移、转化及埋藏过程(McCullough et al., 2018)。湖泊作为重要的碳汇系统,持续接收来自陆地生态系统的大量物质输入,成为陆源碳的关键储存场所。湖泊沉积物能够埋藏大量的有机碳,且具有分辨率高、沉积过程连续、对气候变化敏感等特点(王苏民和张振克,1999;Rioual et al., 2001)。这些被永久封存于沉积物中的碳构成大气CO2的净汇,是实现碳中和目标的关键途径(陈祚伶,2022)。全球湖泊沉积物每年埋藏的有机碳总量可达海洋埋藏量的一半(Cole et al., 2007;Tranvik et al., 2009),这种大规模的碳埋藏过程在调节区域气候、维持区域碳平衡和生态系统平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用(杨琳,2020;段巍岩和黄昌,2021)。同时,湖泊也是活跃的碳源,浮游植物在光合作用中吸收CO2,但同时通过呼吸作用和有机碳矿化过程向大气释放大量CO2和CH4(杨琳,2020)。因此,量化这些双重碳源/汇通量对于准确评估湖泊在区域碳循环中的作用至关重要。
目前关于碳循环的研究主要集中在湿地和海洋生态系统,而湖泊碳循环的研究仍然局限于全新世以来的现代湖泊,缺乏对地质历史时期湖泊系统的相关报道(Holbourn et al., 2015;Lindberg et al., 2022)。依兰盆地作为典型的东北地区含煤—油页岩共生盆地,其内的达连河组完整记录了始新世的连续沉积序列(55.8±0.2~36 Ma;万传彪等,2014),其中涵盖全球性变暖事件早始新世气候最适宜期(EECO)和中始新世气候最适宜期(MECO)以及晩始新世全球气候冷却等多个关键气候阶段的碳循环动态(Kang et al., 2025),为研究湖泊碳埋藏、排放与气候变化的响应规律、揭示碳源-汇过程的潜在机制提供了宝贵的陆地沉积档案,对重建古湖泊碳循环动态和预测未来温暖气候背景下湖泊碳封存潜力具有重要科学价值。
估算古湖泊生态系统中光合作用和呼吸作用的碳通量仍具有挑战性,因此,目前广泛采用净初级生产力(NPP =总初级生产力—自养呼吸; g/m2·yr)作为可靠代用指标(Cao and Woodward,1998;Pace and Lovett,2013)。Large和Marshall(2015)发现,在北纬40°~60°的全新世泥炭地中,NPP约为有机碳堆积速率(Caccumulation;g/m2·yr)的5倍:
式中,r为化石碳再活化速率,根据现代弱氧化活动边缘到强氧化带的观测结果,r取值范围为0.15~0.85,本研究利用氧化还原敏感元素V/Cr来推算始新统达连河组化石碳平均再活化速率。V/Cr<2通常指示氧化环境; 2<V/Cr<4.25指示中等还原环境; V/Cr>4.25指示强还原环境(Jones and Manning,1994)。达连河组含煤—油页岩系V/Cr介于0.76~6.21,涵盖了强氧化到强还原的沉积环境(Kang et al., 2026),因此,将最小值V/Cr=0.76作为氧化边界,对应r=0.85;将最大值V/Cr=6.21作为强还原边界,对应r =0.15。据此估算的达连河组中等还原段(150~220 m;Kang et al., 2026)和氧化段的值分别为0.57和0.73。
始新世期间,大量轻碳以CO2形式释放至大气中,导致全球大气CO2浓度显著上升。东北地区该时期的大气CO2水平在454~1861 μmol/mol之间,背景值为742±33 μmol/mol(Kang et al., 2025)。始新世发生了多次全球性热事件,本研究重点探讨发生于达连河组含煤段沉积时期的EECO和发生于砂页岩段底部的MECO期间的湖泊碳循环扰动。在EECO和MECO期间,大气CO2浓度明显升高,EECO期间达到平均1397±244 μmol/mol,MECO期间平均为1372±271 μmol/mol。众多学者强调了成岩有机碳(化石碳)的氧化对大气碳的贡献。Lyons 等(2019)认为,当沉积岩遭受剥露、侵蚀和搬运时,沉积物中化石碳(fossil C)的氧化和风化过程是CO2排放的重要来源,约15%~85%的再活化化石碳在搬运过程中被氧化为CO2并释放到大气中,剩余部分最终与内源有机质一起被封存于湖泊系统内。在10~100 kyr尺度上,全球变暖事件可通过增强富有机质沉积岩的风化、氧化作用,释放数千Pg的碳(Lyons et al., 2019)。Bouchez等(2010)认为河流搬运过程中成岩有机碳的氧化是长期大气CO2收支的重要通量。硅酸盐风化消耗CO2与有机碳封存共同构成了控制大气CO2的主要过程(Wallmann,2001;Berner,2004),而成岩有机碳的氧化可能会抵消硅酸盐风化消耗CO2的通量,并指出随着大气CO2浓度升高,全球气温上升可能会加剧大型河流洪泛区中成岩有机碳的氧化,并增加相关CO2的释放(Bouchez et al., 2010)。陆源有机质输入中包含重要比例的化石碳,其氧化是湖泊碳循环中一个不可忽视的CO2来源。
依兰盆地是一个接收大量陆源有机质的湖泊,这些陆源来源的有机质主要包括两部分: 一是同期的陆生植被碎片、土壤等这些“新鲜的碳”,其氧化释放的CO2是同期生物圈内部的周转,对大气CO2的地质收支无影响,不构成地质尺度上的净碳源(Bouchez et al., 2010);二是再活化的“化石碳”,这类化石碳是早期埋藏成岩后又发生剥露、侵蚀后重新参与碳循环的碳,研究区热成熟度生物标志化合物的变化可证实这类碳的存在。其氧化是湖泊碳循环中一个不可忽视的CO2来源。始新世温暖多雨的气候非常有利于这些古老地层的风化和侵蚀。因此,化石碳氧化是研究中需要考虑的,能够影响全球碳循环的关键碳源。
沉积物中永久埋藏的有机碳对调节大气CO2浓度发挥着至关重要的作用(Jiao et al., 2010)。不同湖泊的有机碳埋藏速率存在显著差异,主要受湖泊自身属性及外部环境因素(气候条件、初级生产力、有机质保存条件与降解程度等)共同控制(Zhang et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2023)。气候参数(温度、降水和大气CO2浓度)通过调控水体分层、营养盐有效性、氧化还原状态及盐度等湖泊环境要素,进而影响水生生物群落(包括藻类、细菌和大型水生植物)的组成、生产力水平及其代谢活性。具体表现为: 暖湿气候促进流域化学风化与营养盐输入,升高的CO2浓度通过“施肥效应”直接刺激藻类光合作用,提升湖泊生产力; 而增强的水文循环则加大了陆源有机质的搬运通量; 微生物降解过程则是控制净碳埋藏效率的最终环节。这些生物与环境响应共同决定了有机质的丰富度和质量及其保存潜力, 尤其在EECO、MECO等温暖时期,升高的温度和大气CO2浓度协同加剧了湖泊水体富营养化和盐度上升,促进了菌藻类的繁盛,同时也增加了陆源有机质的输入。这些变化为湖泊中有机碳的大规模埋藏提供了更为充足的物质基础,进一步强化了湖泊作为碳汇的功能。
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