准噶尔盆地中央坳陷东部晚古生代—中生代构造演化及盆山耦合过程*
陈贺贺 , 李攀 , 马强 , 杨帆 , 徐杰 , 温九存 , 刘长鹏 , 陈柯帆
古地理学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5) : 1800 -1818.
准噶尔盆地中央坳陷东部晚古生代—中生代构造演化及盆山耦合过程*
Regional tectonic evolution and basin-mountain coupling process in eastern Central Depression of Junggar Basin during the Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
响应于晚古生代—中生代准噶尔盆地洋盆俯冲—弧陆/陆陆碰撞的过程,盆地次级构造单元发育复杂的伸展-压陷响应,这一盆山耦合过程对区域油气资源勘探具有重要意义。基于准噶尔盆地中央坳陷东部15口钻井合成地震记录分析及8条盆地格架地震剖面的综合解释厘清了关键构造界面,通过构造平衡剖面恢复系统研究了中央坳陷东部石炭纪以来的盆山耦合机制及古地理格局变迁。结果表明: (1)中央坳陷东部地区自石炭纪以来东西方向构造活动可划分为“拉张期—挤压一期—过渡期—挤压二期—过渡期”等5期,东西向挤压从盆地南部开始,北部挤压起始时间滞后,盆地不同部位构造活动持续时间和强度不同,表现为盆地南部挤压强度大于北部,中部挤压作用相对最强; (2)中央坳陷东部地区南北方向构造演化期次与东西向一致,南北向挤压从东部开始,逐步扩展至西部,其中盆地西部2期挤压持续时间大致相同,中部挤压二期规模大于挤压一期,空间上挤压由北向南发展,挤压一期以克拉美丽山受挤压隆升为主,挤压二期以博格达山受挤压隆升为主; (3)中央坳陷东部地区东西向2期挤压作用的发育相对早于南北向,持续周期较短,而南北向挤压开始晚,持续时间长,因此盆地南北向构造凸起发育应当略早于东西向构造凸起,盆地先发育东西向分隔,进而发育南北向分隔,其中北三台凸起发育最早,为拉张期形成的断隆结构,挤压二期阶段反转为逆冲推覆隆起,白家海与莫索湾凸起仅发育于挤压一期,而沙奇凸起隆起较晚,发育于挤压二期。受上述盆山耦合过程控制,准噶尔盆地中央坳陷东部地区有利油气勘探区域为白家海凸起与阜康凹陷南斜坡等构造-岩性复合圈闭发育区,以中二叠统为最有利主力勘探层系。
In response to the Paleozoic subduction-arc-continent and continent-continent collision process in Junggar Basin,the secondary tectonic units of the basin have developed complex extensional-sag responses. Among them,the Paleozoic-Mesozoic basin-mountain coupling process in the eastern part of Central Depression of Junggar Basin is of great significance for regional oil and gas resource exploration. Based on the analysis of synthetic seismic records from 15 drilling wells and the comprehensive interpretation of eight basin framework seismic profiles,this paper clarifies the key structural surfaces,and through the restoration of structural balance profiles,systematically studies the basin-mountain coupling mechanism and palaeogeographic pattern changes since the Carboniferous in the eastern part of Central Depression of the Junggar Basin. The results show: (1)East-west-oriented tectonic activity since the Carboniferous can be subdivided into five evolutionary stages: rifting➝compression Ⅰ➝transition period→compression Ⅱ→transition. East-west compression initiated in the southern part of the basin,with a progressively delayed onset in northern sectors. Both the duration and intensity of deformation vary spatially: compressional strain is strongest in the central basin,moderate in the south,and weakest in the north;(2)North-south-oriented tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Depression is consistent with the east-west direction,with north-south compression originated in the eastern part and gradually migrated westward. Among them,the two compressional phases exhibit comparable durations,and compression Ⅱ exceeds compression Ⅰ in magnitude. Spatially,the compression propagated from north to south: compression I was dominated by foreland sag development ahead of the Kelameili Mountains,whereas compression II was characterized by foreland sag formation ahead of the Bogda Mountains; (3)The two east-west compression phases in the eastern area of Junggar Basin developed earlier than the north-south compression, but are shorter in duration;conversely,north-south compression commenced later yet persisted longer. Therefore,the development of the north-south tectonic uplifts in the basin initiated slightly earlier than their east-west tectonic uplifts,indicating an initial phase of east-west lithospheric separation followed by subsequent north-south separation. Among them,the Beisantai uplift formed earliest,initiating as a fault-bounded rift-related structure during the rifting stage and later reactivating as a thrust-related orogenic uplift during compression Ⅱ. The Baijiahai and Mosuowan uplifts developed exclusively during compression I,whereas the Shaqi uplift emerged later during compression Ⅱ. Under the control of the above basin-mountain coupling framework,the favorable oil and gas exploration areas are located on the Baijiahai uplift and the southern slope of the Fukang sag,etc.,where structural-stratigraphic composite traps are developed,with the Middle Permian being the most favorable main exploration formation.
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*国家自然科学基金项目(42306083)
中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技项目(2023ZZ24YJ01)
中央基本科研业务费项目(3-7-9-2024-06)
高等学校学科创新引智计划(111计划)项目(B20011)
中国地质大学(北京)海南研究院资助项目(HNPY-202419)
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