To explore the ventilation optimization and energy saving issues in the construction of multiple working faces in extra-long highway tunnels, the air volumes required for a single working face under drilling and blasting construction conditions and TBM tunneling conditions were determined respectively based on theoretical calculations. Combined with the tunnel construction organization scheme, two ventilation schemes were proposed, and they were compared and selected according to the configured power of axial fans. Based on the recommended scheme, the layout scheme of pollutant-discharging jet fans was designed, and its feasibility was finally verified by on-site measurements of pollutant concentrations. The research shows that the air volumes required for the working faces of the drilling and blasting method and the TBM method are 1 980 m3/min and 1 500 m3/min, respectively, which are both controlled by the minimum allowable air velocity in the tunnel. The total fan power of the alternating construction scheme for multiple working faces is only 39% of that of the conventional construction scheme, which significantly reduces energy consumption. On-site measurements indicate that the alternating construction scheme for multiple working faces can meet the requirements of air velocity and oxygen content during the construction period. The average mass concentrations of CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10 are lower than the allowable values specified in the Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Tunnel (JTG/T 3660—2020), indicating that the scheme is highly feasible. However, short-term pollutant accumulation occurs in local areas during excavation blasting, requiring an appropriate increase in air supply. The research results effectively guide the construction ventilation of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel and can provide a reference for similar projects.
为验证通风设计,基于方案2的通风方式,笔者在隧道现场进行施工通风监测。由于新开辟的掌子面产生污风全部都要经过中导洞排出隧道,因此在隧道内进行了施工通风的静态监测和污染物动态监测[21-22],污染物动态监测时监测车在距离中导洞掌子面60 m的二衬台车处向隧道洞口行驶,现场监测如图7所示。污染物监测内容主要有CO、SO2、NO x 、PM2.5、PM10及风速,监测结果如表12、表13所示。
由表13可知:CO、SO2、PM2.5、PM10的平均质量浓度值都低于规范规定的最大容许值,但是NO x 的质量浓度平均值超出规范最大容许值118%,并且除SO2以外,其余污染物质量浓度的最大值都相对较高,这主要是因为在中导洞内部会有许多高压电站以及污水处理设备,这些设施会大大阻碍污染物的排出,使污染物出现少量局部的聚集。但是各污染物总体浓度值低于规范最大容许值。由此可以得出结论:该通风方案在天山胜利隧道施工通风中是可行的,但是当隧道掌子面发生爆破时,隧道内部会出现短时间、局部区域的污染物聚集,这时的实际供风量偏小,需要加大供风量。
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