基于机器学习的大跨度斜拉桥监测技术研究现状及展望

刘国梁 ,  刘国坤 ,  颜东煌 ,  王文熙 ,  王祺顺

中外公路 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (04) : 144 -160.

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中外公路 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (04) : 144 -160. DOI: 10.14048/j.issn.1671-2579.2026.04.016
桥梁工程与隧道工程

基于机器学习的大跨度斜拉桥监测技术研究现状及展望

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Research status and prospects of monitoring technology for large-span cable-stayed bridges based on machine learning

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摘要

机器学习和智能优化算法在大跨度斜拉桥施工监控及健康监测中的应用日益广泛。该文从国内外斜拉桥的建造历史出发,梳理了斜拉桥的起源和发展过程。首先从桥梁全生命周期的角度,将桥梁监控分为施工期监控和运营期监测两类,详细阐述了施工监控的主要方法在大型斜拉桥项目的应用,明确了桥梁健康监测系统的具体构成。其次,介绍了几种机器学习模型和智能优化算法的基本原理,分析了支持向量机、神经网络和贝叶斯网络等不同机器学习模型和智能优化算法在大跨度斜拉桥施工监控计算中的应用现状,归纳了现有单一机器学习策略在桥梁监控计算研究中的局限性和不足,提出了融合机器学习和智能优化算法的大跨度斜拉桥监控计算模型发展方向。最后,总结了现有桥梁健康监测系统的降噪技术和损伤识别方法。研究表明:传统桥梁结构优化计算方法存在一定的局限性,多目标的桥梁结构优化方法可以有效避免这一问题;机器学习模型与智能优化算法已广泛应用于桥梁监控计算,但单一模型的应用较多,交叉融合模型的应用较少;桥梁健康监测系统的结构已经较为成熟,研究主要侧重于信号降噪和结构损伤识别,目前常用的结构损伤识别方式仍以卷积神经网络与长短期记忆模型为主,未来可通过融合人工智能与智能优化算法,进一步提升桥梁监测的精度与可靠性。

Abstract

Machine learning and intelligent optimization algorithms have been increasingly applied to construction and health monitoring of long-span cable-stayed bridges. Based on the construction history of cable-stayed bridges both domestically and internationally, an overview of the origin and development process of cable-stayed bridges was provided. Firstly, from the perspective of the entire life cycle of bridges, bridge monitoring was divided into construction period monitoring and operation period monitoring. The applications of mainstream construction monitoring methods in large cable-stayed bridge projects were elaborated, and the specific composition of bridge health monitoring systems was clarified. Secondly, the basic principles of several machine learning models and intelligent optimization algorithms were introduced, and the application status of different machine learning models and intelligent optimization algorithms such as the support vector machine (SVM), neural networks, and Bayesian networks in the monitoring and calculation of large-span cable-stayed bridge construction was analyzed. The limitations and shortcomings of existing single machine learning strategies in monitoring and calculation research on bridges were summarized, and the development direction of monitoring and calculation models for large-span cable-stayed bridges that integrate machine learning and intelligent optimization algorithms was proposed. Finally, a summary was made of the noise reduction techniques and damage identification methods of existing bridge health monitoring systems. The research shows that traditional bridge structure optimization calculation methods have certain limitations, and multi-objective bridge structure optimization methods can effectively avoid this problem. Machine learning models and intelligent optimization algorithms have been widely applied to bridge monitoring calculations, but single models are more commonly employed than cross-fusion models. The structure of the bridge health monitoring system has been relatively mature. The research mainly focuses on signal noise reduction and structural damage identification. Currently, the commonly adopted structural damage identification methods are still based on convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory models. In the future, the accuracy and reliability of bridge monitoring can be further improved by integrating artificial intelligence and intelligent optimization algorithms.

Graphical abstract

关键词

桥梁工程 / 斜拉桥 / 施工监控 / 健康监测 / 机器学习 / 智能优化算法

Key words

bridge engineering / cable-stayed bridge / construction monitoring / health monitoring / machine learning / intelligent optimization algorithm

引用本文

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刘国梁,刘国坤,颜东煌,王文熙,王祺顺. 基于机器学习的大跨度斜拉桥监测技术研究现状及展望[J]. 中外公路, 2026, 46(04): 144-160 DOI:10.14048/j.issn.1671-2579.2026.04.016

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0 引言

改革开放以来,中国社会经济飞速发展,公路桥梁等基础设施工程的建设和技术积累进入了高速增长的40年,中国的桥梁建造工艺逐渐接近世界先进水平。截至目前,中国建设并运营的公路桥梁总数已超过80万座,铁路桥梁总数已超过20万座,公路铁路桥梁共计超100万座,已成为世界第一桥梁大国。

斜拉桥是由加劲主梁、桥塔和高强度斜拉索3种基本受力构件组成的高次超静定组合结构,主梁通过高强度斜拉索与桥塔锚固相连,斜拉索为主梁提供竖向和水平分力以保证其线形挠度和内力满足要求1-4。由于斜拉桥具有跨越能力强、整体刚度大、抗风抗震能力优秀、结构布置方式较为灵活等诸多优点,目前已成为大跨径桥梁建设中应用程度最高、建设范围最广的桥型之一。为确保桥梁的可靠性,需要对斜拉桥的结构内力和线形状态进行监测与控制,大跨度斜拉桥的监控一直是桥梁工程领域的研究热点。

从建筑结构全生命周期的角度出发5,斜拉桥的监控可分为施工期监控和运营期监控。在斜拉桥实际施工过程中,由于受材料弹性模量、混凝土收缩徐变系数、结构自重分布、施工荷载及温度效应、结构仿真模型误差和监测数据误差等随机变量的影响,工程实际测量结果与理论设计结果往往会出现一定的差异。因此,施工阶段的监控主要是为了确保斜拉桥在施工过程中满足设计要求,桥梁在成桥状态下的内力分布合理,线形平顺6-7。在桥梁投入使用后,斜拉索或主梁等结构构件受到长期的环境因素、荷载作用等影响,容易出现腐蚀、强度退化等现象。运营阶段的桥梁健康监测主要是为了保证桥梁维持较好的服役性能,对桥梁受损构件进行及时的加固或更换,确保在设计荷载下运营期内桥梁的可靠性,以满足使用要求8-10

传统的斜拉桥施工监控主要以常规的结构模型计算、线形观测分析等基础内容为主。近年来,随着技术进步和科技发展,桥梁施工监控领域也开始逐步引入新概念与新技术。机器学习是一门多领域交叉学科,通过特定的机器学习算法对已有的数据进行学习拟合11-13,从而实现桥梁施工期监测数据的预测,常用的机器学习算法有支持向量机算法、神经网络算法、贝叶斯网络等14-16。目前,机器学习算法常被用于斜拉桥的线形预测及索力优化的实际应用问题中,但是由于算法模型在编程设计时着重考虑了通用性和普适性,故在斜拉桥监控实际问题中的适用性仍然值得进一步讨论,因此针对机器学习算法在桥梁工程实际问题中的优化成为工程界较为关心的问题之一,众多专家将智能优化算法引入斜拉桥的索力优化、线形预测或代理模型优化中,并取得了一定的工程实际效果17-19

得益于传感器硬件性能的大幅提升、物联网技术的高速发展和计算机集成系统的不断升级,进入21世纪以来,桥梁健康监测系统被逐步开发应用于各种结构形式以及跨径的桥梁工程之中20,大跨径斜拉桥工程规模庞大,其在服役期间的安全性与耐久性也备受关注,随着桥梁工程由建设期向运营期过渡,设计一套适合大跨径桥梁的健康监测系统成为当下亟待解决的问题21-23,已有相当一部分专家学者开始从事关于健康监测数据的解析研究,其中监测数据的降噪和损伤识别方法改进是讨论的重点问题,新型的降噪算法与损伤识别模型为大跨径斜拉桥在运营期的监控和运维决策提供了强有力的理论支撑24-26

本文以大跨径斜拉桥为桥梁工程背景,主要综述了近些年斜拉桥工程监控的发展历程,从斜拉桥施工期的监控和运营期的监控两部分详细梳理了国内外关于斜拉桥监控的研究成果,对目前主要的监控方法做了详细介绍,着重分析了机器学习算法、智能优化算法在桥梁监控领域的应用,从斜拉桥索力优化、线形控制等实际工程问题的解决效果中归纳现有方法的优点与不足,探讨不同数据处理方法对斜拉桥健康监测系统数据分析能力的提升效果,对斜拉桥监控领域的智能化、系统化发展进行总结与展望。

1 斜拉桥监测发展历程及趋势

1.1 斜拉桥发展历程

从20世纪70年代起,随着计算机技术的起步,数值分析理论的不断完善以及各种结构计算商业软件的出现27-30,在积累了足够施工经验的前提下,桥梁工程建设开始运用新材料、新技术进行建设施工,对斜拉桥的发展也起到了积极的推进作用。

早期的斜拉桥主跨跨径不大,世界上第一次存在完善设计方案的斜拉桥是瑞典于20世纪50年代建成的Storemsund自锚式三跨公路斜拉桥,其全长为332 m,跨径组合为(74.7+182.6+74.7) m,采用了钢筋混凝土和钢纵梁结合的桥面板,桥塔为门式框架。此后,欧洲国家开始了修建斜拉桥的热潮。

中国斜拉桥的发展相较于国外迟缓了20~30年,但由于有国外斜拉桥建设的成功经验可以借鉴,中国斜拉桥建造技术进步十分迅速。迄今为止,中国已成功建设斜拉桥百余座,斜拉桥建造工艺已达到世界先进水平31-35。国内外部分著名斜拉桥如表1所示36

1.2 斜拉桥监测研究现状及趋势

1.2.1 施工阶段监控

斜拉桥主梁、桥塔和斜拉索等不同结构构件之间的刚度存在很大的差异,尤其在天气、温度、混凝土收缩徐变、施工临时荷载等因素的影响下,不同结构构件之间的耦合理论会存在一定的不同,这些因素对桥梁的内力分配产生了一定的影响,造成了桥梁实际内力分布与理论内力分布不符的情况。在施工过程中,应及时修正这种差异,否则线形或内力偏差的积累会使主梁偏离设计目标,导致桥梁受力不合理或合龙困难37-40。因此,对斜拉桥展开施工监控十分必要。斜拉桥施工阶段的主要监控内容有以下几个方面41-45

(1) 桥塔偏位。对大跨径斜拉桥主塔偏位的测量一般以顺桥向和横桥向两个方向为主,主塔在施工过程中受到斜拉索的拉力承受主梁的质量。同时,桥塔两侧不平衡负载、桥塔不同部位的温差、日照等因素会导致桥塔产生一定程度的形变,造成主塔偏位,影响施工安全46-47。目前,对于大跨径斜拉桥桥塔偏位的监测方法主要有天顶基准法、测距法、投影法等,使用的仪器主要有经纬仪、全站仪,测点布置于桥塔侧壁与顶端。顾箭峰等48对主跨416 m的大跨径钢混叠合梁斜拉桥建立了有限元理论模型,对塔架与主梁同步施工方法进行了模拟,并对比了实测塔偏与理论塔偏的差距,确保了大桥的顺利施工;董军等49研究了大跨度斜拉桥转体施工过程中的结构响应变化情况,通过对比三维有限元模型与桥塔旋转过程中的结构实测响应,验证了转体方案的可行性。从目前对桥塔偏位控制的研究来看,大多数方案以有限元数值计算模型与实测塔偏作为调控依据,桥塔偏位虽然是大跨度斜拉桥施工监控中的重点内容之一,但通常仅用于验证桥梁是否满足设计状态,而不直接作为施工控制的手段50

(2) 主梁线形。大跨度斜拉桥主梁施工工序复杂,刚度一般,施工中的随机因素极易导致主梁实际线形状态与理想线形状态存在差距,在施工控制中应及时修正主梁偏差,避免误差累积导致主梁内力分布不合理。常见的大跨度斜拉桥主梁线形测量方法有高程测量和中线测量两种,计算方法中,无应力状态法是大跨度斜拉桥施工线形控制中最常用的方法之一51-53。无应力状态法,是指在结构边界条件及荷载条件维持不变的前提下,若施工过程中各构件的实际安装状态与设计所依据的无应力状态下的长度及曲率一致时,成桥后的内力与线形将与设计状态保持一致的施工控制方法。刘殿元等54基于无应力状态法建立了大节段施工的斜拉桥力学平衡方程,以港珠澳大桥九洲航道桥为工程实例验证了该方法的可行性;康春霞等55对比了无应力状态法、向前迭代法和向后迭代法在斜拉桥线形控制中的适用性,结果表明无应力状态法在斜拉桥合理成桥线形确定中具有最高的收敛精度与收敛效率。无应力状态法在斜拉桥工程建设领域的应用,为斜拉桥合理成桥线形的确定奠定了理论基础,在一定程度上推动了斜拉桥的发展。近年来,有学者56-58将无应力状态法成功应用在嘉鱼长江大桥、赤壁长江大桥和石首长江大桥等特大跨径斜拉桥项目中成功运用,获得了业界一致好评。目前在建的观音寺长江大桥是超千米级的混合式公路斜拉桥,也将采用此方法进行施工控制。

(3) 斜拉索索力。斜拉桥施工过程中,对拉索索力的精准控制直接影响桥塔偏位和主梁线形是否满足设计要求,且与结构可靠性、施工安全性紧密相关,因此确定斜拉桥的合理索力是一项十分重要的工作。传统的索力优化方法主要有零位移法、弯曲能最小法、刚性支承连续梁法、影响矩阵法和内力平衡法等,但相关方法存在一定的局限性,如采用零位移法得到的成桥索力易出现边索索力陡增的情况,刚性支承连续梁法得到的成桥索力使得主梁在桥塔处的弯矩较大,弯曲能量最小法得到的索力相较于其他方法较为合理,但边索处仍然会出现两端索力不均匀的现象59-63。为此,相当一部分学者开始提出基于多目标优化理论的大跨度斜拉桥合理成桥索力的计算方法,通过设立多个目标函数,避免索力优化和计算时容易出现的主梁线形不平顺、内力失常的问题,达到了不错的优化效果。但多目标函数优化问题的求解一直是该领域的难点之一。近几年,随着智能优化算法的不断开发与应用,粒子群算法、遗传算法、灰狼算法或其改进算法的引入,有效缓解了索力优化求解中难以收敛的问题,实现了计算效率与结果可靠性的最佳平衡64-71

1.2.2 运营阶段监测

大型桥梁在运营期的服役性能以及结构可靠性是一直以来备受关注的问题,在斜拉桥进入运营期后,长期的荷载效应、温度变化、雨水冲刷等因素会引起斜拉索或其他构件的腐蚀,导致结构损伤或退化。因此,为掌握桥梁结构的运行状态,对运营期的大跨度斜拉桥进行健康监测是非常必要的72-74

目前大型桥梁健康监测系统的构成主要分为4个子系统模块,分别为传感器子系统、数据采集与传输子系统、数据处理分析与管理子系统和结构安全评估与预警可视化子系统。传感器子系统主要分为应变计、索力计、温湿度计等,用于采集桥梁及环境的原始数据;数据采集与传输子系统将传感器采集到的信号源进行放大、过滤与数字化转换后,对数字化数据进行采样、存储、处理控制,最后传输至数据处理分析与管理子系统;数据处理分析与管理子系统主要对数据进行进一步处理与分析,根据处理后的数据全面分析得到结构的服役性能及工作状态;结构安全评估与预警可视化子系统对分析结果进行汇总和可视化展示,根据分析得到的数据评估结构可靠性,输出分级预警日常报表等信息。大跨径斜拉桥典型结构健康监测的系统架构如图1所示75-78

国外首次应用桥梁健康监测系统最早可以追溯到20世纪80年代,英国首先在Foyle桥上安装了真正意义上的第一套自动化结构响应监测系统和远程监测设备79。Mehrabi80基于可靠性分析原理对20余座大跨径斜拉桥进行了结构安全监测,建立了一套适合斜拉桥的健康监测评价方法;Jang等81对大型桥梁健康监测的发展进行了总结和概括,指出了桥梁健康监测系统的功能应以结构损伤识别、承载能力评估和使用寿命预测为主。针对硬件设施耐久性不足的问题,国外其他一些学者将研究视角转向了传感器的设计与改进82-83

相较于国外,中国在大型桥梁健康监测系统方面的研究起步稍晚,但进入21世纪以来,得益于信息技术的高速发展,中国桥梁健康监测系统总体研究进展较快。江阴长江公路大桥是中国最早建立大型桥梁健康监测系统的桥梁84,此后,中国对大型桥梁健康监测系统的研发和部署技术日益成熟。宋晓东等85基于健康监测数据实现了对斜拉桥恒载作用下索力的提取和评估;施洲等86针对公铁两用斜拉桥健康监测信号数据量大、频谱复杂等问题,提出了一种时域峰值统计及频域融合处理的方法,有效提升了监测数据识别分析的可靠性。从中国关于健康监测系统研究的整体趋势来看,早期主要偏向于系统功能、架构设计,中期主要侧重于硬件的开发与调试,后期则侧重于数据的处理与分析。近年来,如何运用最新的算法更加合理地处理健康监测系统采集的复杂信号,已成为当下研究的热点87-92

2 机器学习和智能算法在斜拉桥监控中的应用

近年来,随着计算机技术和软件算法的不断发展,机器学习算法和智能优化算法经过不断改进,被广泛应用于各工程领域。对于桥梁监控领域而言,传统的桥梁监控分析模型非常依赖于有限元等确定性模型的分析与计算。然而,确定性模型虽计算精度较高,但对于大跨度斜拉桥这类大型工程而言,施工期结构优化庞大的迭代计算量使得确定性模型的分析效率低下。因此,基于机器学习的桥梁施工监控理论计算成为替代有限元确定性计算的重要方法之一93-96

目前常被应用于大跨径斜拉桥施工监控优化的机器学习算法主要有支持向量机算法、神经网络算法、克里金模型理论和贝叶斯网络模型等。不同机器学习算法在斜拉桥监控计算中各具优势,但也存在一定的先天缺陷。因此,许多学者针对具体工程和理论模型展开了相应的改进研究97-101

2.1 机器学习算法

2.1.1 支持向量机

支持向量机算法(Support Vector Machine,SVM)是一种根据监督学习方式对样本数据进行二元分类的广义线性分类器。支持向量机的基本模型如图2所示,其分类策略是求取数据样本中间隔最大化长平面的过程,在数学描述中可以转化为一个关于求解凸二次规划的优化问题,由于支持向量机的分类复杂性取决于数据样本的维度和大小,故支持向量机算法对于非线性、小样本的拟合具有天然的优势,常被用于建立工程结构的代理模型102-105

在桥梁工程中,近年来支持向量机算法被广泛应用于桥梁结构优化代理模型、结构损伤识别模型和桥梁响应预测模型等,并且取得了较优的应用效果106-109。但支持向量机模型对于大样本数据的学习拟合效率较低,在进行斜拉桥这一类大型工程结构代理模型的建立时,往往需要对随机输入变量生成一定量的样本。通常采用拉丁超立方抽样策略进行样本选取时,样本容量较大,故此时支持向量机的学习效率较低,有时会造成代理模型拟合精度较差的问题。因此,需要有针对性地优化支持向量机的惩罚因子、核函数参数110-112

2.1.2 神经网络算法

神经网络算法也称为人工神经网络算法,是一种基于生物神经元网络特征反馈,进行信息分布式并行处理的机器学习算法。标准神经网络算法的网络结构大致分为3层,分别为由输入变量构建的输入层、由输出变量构建的输出层,以及连接输入变量、输出变量并传递信息的中间隐含层。其中,隐含层通常需要采用特定的激活函数来拟合输入信息与输出信息之间的映射关系。标准神经网络最基本的3层结构如图3所示113-115

由于实际工程中影响大跨度斜拉桥施工线形及内力的随机变量参数很多,理论模型往往不能准确反映结构的真实线形和内力状态,且大跨度斜拉桥施工期间随机变量与结构响应之间的关系往往难以采用显式函数表达,因此大跨度斜拉桥施工控制计算通常采用神经网络模型进行识别和预测116-118。目前常应用于大跨度斜拉桥施工监控计算的神经网络模型主要有BP神经网络、径向基神经网络和卷积神经网络等。BP神经网络是一种基于误差反向传播修正的神经网络算法,通过不断修正网络权值与阈值达到精准拟合的效果。径向基神经网络是一种采用径向基函数作为激活函数的神经网络,其线性权的特点在某些实际工程中具有较高的学习效率。卷积神经网络是一种基于卷积计算的深度前馈型神经网络,由于卷积神经网络拥有生物视觉机制,其在计算机视觉、自然语言处理等方面的优势被广泛应用于桥梁病害识别领域119-122

神经网络在大跨度斜拉桥工程中的应用较早,相关研究相对成熟。研究表明,采用标准BP神经网络算法建立随机变量与结构响应之间的映射关系时,效果较为一般,其他神经网络模型也同样存在类似问题123-125。算法在权值与阈值寻优的过程中容易出现收敛效率低下、收敛精度不高的问题,因此,在大跨度斜拉桥工程中应用神经网络算法时,对算法模型进行一定的改进和优化是当前研究的重点126-128

2.1.3 贝叶斯网络模型

贝叶斯网络又称有向无环图模型,是融合图论和概率论的分配因果概率图模型,由网络节点、有向边和条件概率表构成。正常贝叶斯网络的简单结构如图4所示。正常贝叶斯网络存在某些边缺失的情况,即有随机变量之间相互独立。当贝叶斯网络是全连接形式时,模型内部变量之间的关系过于复杂,在网络构建过程中会出现过拟合现象。基于贝叶斯对斜拉桥建立输入变量与输出变量之间的联合概率分布模型时,全连接结构较为罕见129-131

在斜拉桥监控计算中,贝叶斯网络模型的应用程度相较于支持向量机算法和神经网络算法尚不广泛,主要用于建立斜拉桥施工过程的风险评估模型。桥梁施工或运营风险因素之间的关系错综复杂,采用贝叶斯网络建立施工或运营期间风险概率的计算模型,可以量化描述根节点风险事件发生的概率等级分布情况。但由于实际工程中的风险事故存在偶发性和随机性,很难精确计算每个风险事件的发生概率。因此,许多学者将贝叶斯网络与模糊理论相结合进行研究132-134

2.2 智能优化算法

随着计算机技术的不断发展,智能优化算法在工程领域的应用愈发广泛。目前的智能优化算法按照其编程原理大致可以分为4类,分别为仿自然优化算法、进化算法、仿植物生长算法和群体智能优化算法。其中,群体智能优化算法在桥梁工程实际中的应用解决了许多实际问题。对于斜拉桥监控计算、施工控制和结构优化等问题,群体智能优化算法常作为求解数学优化问题的关键手段;此外,群体智能优化算法与机器学习理论的融合应用,使某些工程问题的求解效率和精度大幅提升135-138

在工程界运用最多的几种典型智能优化算法有模拟退火算法、遗传算法、粒子群算法等139。模拟退火算法是基于固体物退火过程温度下降模拟的仿自然算法,于20世纪末期被开发应用于工程优化领域,在斜拉桥可靠性分析、阻尼器布置优化、施工索力优化中均得到了实践与应用140-142。遗传算法是进化类算法中最成功、综合性能最强、应用范围最广的算法之一,通过模拟染色体交叉变异的过程寻找子代适应度最高的个体,完成对优化问题的求解。遗传算法在大跨度桥梁的索力优化中的研究已相对成熟,更多学者将研究重心转向了改进的二代、三代多目标遗传算法,使遗传算法对桥梁实际多目标施工优化有了更好的适用性143-146。粒子群算法是最典型的群体智能优化算法,其通过模拟鸟类觅食实现对全局最优位置的收敛,算法结构简单、收敛效率和精度均处于较高水平。但在斜拉桥实际施工控制中,标准粒子群算法的性能通常不足以实现优化问题的求解,因此,对粒子群算法的改进策略是当前专家的研究重点。通过采取对初始种群生成方式、粒子迭代方式和增加扰动策略等一系列措施,已实现改进粒子群算法在斜拉桥标高控制、索力优化中的应用147-148

2.3 机器学习和智能优化算法的交叉融合应用

标准的机器学习算法在斜拉桥监控的具体工程模型拟合时,容易出现欠拟合的问题。因此,在实际斜拉桥的监控计算中,采用机器学习和智能算法联合求解的方式。机器学习、智能优化算法和斜拉桥监控实际工程问题之间的关系如图5所示。智能优化算法既可以与有限元模型联立,直接求解斜拉桥索力优化问题,也可用于优化斜拉桥的机器学习代理模型,与代理模型联立求解斜拉桥线形预测及索力相关问题。因此,采用智能优化算法对机器学习模型超参数进行优化是一种重要的模型调优方法,机器学习和智能优化算法在斜拉桥监控中的融合应用也是目前的主流研究方向之一。

陈哲衡等149-150为减小大跨度PC斜拉桥悬臂浇筑施工时的主梁标高误差,采用基于最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立了斜拉桥主梁标高误差的预测模型,通过与常规的灰色预测方法、标准的BP神经网络进行对比,验证了LS-SVM算法在斜拉桥主梁阶段标高预测中的精度;Cheng151针对曲线斜拉桥建立了索力优化的数学模型,采用模拟退火算法和B样条曲线求解了多目标控制下的最优索力;段君邦等152融合多种混合策略对标准灰狼算法进行改进,采用支持向量机建立了桥梁的代理模型,最后联合改进灰狼算法和代理模型对桥梁施工阶段的最优索力进行了搜索,并验证了优化索力对成桥内力提升的有效性;廖宇芳等153采用极限学习机算法建立了主梁线形的预测模型,同时引入了改进蝗虫算法对拉索索力进行优化,实现了成桥线形的控制效果。从相关研究可知,目前针对斜拉桥施工阶段线形控制以及索力优化的相关研究中,采用智能优化算法的研究较多,而采用融合机器学习和智能算法的研究相对较少,未来可在该方向做进一步研究。

3 健康监测系统的改进与创新

斜拉桥健康监测系统反映了桥梁在运营期间的结构服役状态,斜拉桥健康监测数据的准确性取决于几个方面,首先是传感器的优化与布置,其次是信号的处理与分析,最后是结构损伤状态的识别。

3.1 传感器优化布置

早期进行斜拉桥健康监测系统的传感器布置时,以结构理论受力状态的经验为依据,选取最能捕获结构内力状态的位置进行传感器布置,近年来,经济性和高效性指标成为斜拉桥健康监测系统传感器布置时需要考虑的问题。尤其是各种改进智能算法的出现,为传感器自动化优化布置提供了一种解决方案。张笑华等154、高博等155分别采用了人工鱼群算法和自适应引力算法对桥梁健康监测传感器的布置优化问题进行了优化求解,研究发现,传感器的位置和数量选择对优化问题目标函数的精度有一定的影响,经过优化后的传感器布置方案相较于原布置方案具有更高的数据采集效率;张安安等156采用Levy分布改进了量子粒子群算法,并将其应用于桥梁传感器的优化布置准则中,仿真结果表明,优化后的传感器布置方案更好地反映了桥梁在不同自由度下的状态,改进的量子粒子群算法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的收敛精度。采用改进智能优化算法对桥梁健康监测的传感器进行优化布置是近年来的研究热点之一。从相关研究可以发现,不同算法均具有一定的有效性,相对于传统方法而言效率更高,效果均达到理想的状态。但是横向对比不同智能算法在传感器优化中的应用效果可知,各算法之间并未形成明显的差异157-160

3.2 信号处理策略

对于采集到的原始信号,如何进行降噪和预处理一直是工程界关注的主要问题,尤其对于加速度信号的处理,准确对传感器采集的信号进行解析是掌握结构响应规律的前提。小波变换是一种消除混淆频率的有效方法,其基本流程如图6所示。姚昌荣等161、刘洋等162、Skariah等163均采用小波变换的方法对桥梁健康监测数据进行降噪处理,取得了较好的效果;熊春宝等164-165提出了切比雪夫滤波抑制和经验模态分解小波变换的桥梁健康监测数据降噪方法,结合有限元分析结果对比了不同方法的降噪效果,结果表明联合滤波方法的降噪效果明显优于单一滤波方法,可以有效提升信号精度;陈永高等166采用改进经验模态分解的方法对桥梁结构响应信号进行预处理操作,结果表明所提算法可以改善原经验模态分解中存在的不足。信号处理问题一直是桥梁健康监测中的重点问题,采用新型算法或人工智能方法降噪是发展趋势之一。

3.3 损伤识别方法

大跨度斜拉桥传感器的优化布置、数据收集与分析处理,最终是为了对结构进行损伤定位与识别。近年来,随着卷积神经网络等视觉处理技术和图像处理技术的升级,大跨度斜拉桥结构损伤识别技术得到进一步发展。朴春慧等167基于卷积神经网络和长短期记忆模型建立了桥梁在列车荷载下的结构损伤识别模型,长短期记忆模型的基本结构如图7所示。通过对比单一卷积神经网络模型、长短期记忆网络模型,结果表明组合模型的损伤识别准确度明显优于其他模型。Ni等168提出了一种基于深度学习和卷积神经网络的桥梁健康监测系统数据压缩重构方法,以某桥梁加速度响应异常数据为样本,分析了该桥梁异常数据反映的结构损伤情况;Guo等169采用Kohonen神经网络和长短期记忆模型,基于桥梁健康监测数据建立了桥梁损伤识别模型,该模型可以根据桥梁健康状况预测挠度变化规律,判断结构损伤状态,从精度相关指标来看,该模型的效果达到了预期效果。从目前基于桥梁健康监测数据的损伤识别方法来看,卷积神经网络、长短期记忆模型等深度学习模型仍是结构损伤识别领域的重要方法,但现有研究对该类模型的改进方式较为单一,未来可采用更加成熟和先进的方式改进现有识别模型170-172

4 结论

大跨度斜拉桥监控是一项繁杂的系统工程,掌握大跨度斜拉桥监控技术对桥梁建设与运营安全具有极其重要的意义。本文详述了国内外斜拉桥的发展历程,按桥梁全生命周期的角度将大跨度斜拉桥的监控分为施工期监控和运营期监控,讨论了不同时期监控的具体工作内容,深入分析了不同时期监控的研究现状和趋势,并总结了目前研究的重点和难点,得到主要结论如下:

(1) 系统讨论了斜拉桥索力的测量方法与优化策略。传统的索力优化方法主要以零位移法、弯曲应变能最小法、刚性支承连续梁法、影响矩阵法和内力平衡法为主,基于以上方法进行索力优化时均存在一定的局限性。近年来,基于新型智能算法的斜拉桥索力优化方法被提出,通过建立斜拉桥索力优化数学描述模型,对智能算法进行相关改进求解索力优化问题,但目前该方法的通用性不强,针对具体工程需要对算法做特定的改进与调试。

(2) 传统的斜拉桥结构优化设计方法往往依赖于有限元模型的大量迭代计算,运算量较大,计算成本较高。随着计算机技术的发展,基于机器学习算法建立结构代理模型进行结构优化的方法被广泛应用,神经网络、支持向量机等算法对于代理模型的建立有较好的可靠性。但目前多数研究均采用单一模型或算法形式对主梁线形、拉索索力等展开优化与控制,而单一策略的代理模型预测精度不如组合模型的预测精度。因此,采用机器学习和智能优化算法交叉融合的大跨度斜拉桥监控计算方法仍是未来研究的重点。

(3) 大跨径斜拉桥健康监测系统中,传感器数据的准确采集、信号的精确处理分析和结构损伤状态的准确识别,是反映结构运营状态的关键。传感器的布置方案常采用仿生算法和仿自然算法进行优化;对于结构响应信号的处理,经验模态分解、小波变换等滤波方法仍是目前主流的处理措施;桥梁结构损伤识别目前常用的模型以卷积神经网络和长短期记忆模型为主,未来可采用智能优化算法对结构损伤识别模型做进一步的优化和改进。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(51908210)

湖南省教育厅优青项目(22B0737)

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