Lane changing is generally prohibited and strict speed limits are imposed in expressway tunnels in China. To ensure that drivers can safely and comfortably complete lane changes and speed adjustments before entering a tunnel, horizontal curves should satisfy the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance requirement, and the radii of vertical curves in the longitudinal profile should also satisfy this requirement. If the vertical curve radius of the section before a tunnel entrance is improperly designed, drivers may be unable to recognize the tunnel entrance in time, resulting in rushed lane changes or delayed speed adjustments before entering the tunnel, which can easily lead to road traffic accidents caused by improper maneuvers in front of the tunnel entrance. For the purpose of determining the minimum radius of vertical curves required on the approach to a tunnel to satisfy the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance, the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance was first defined according to drivers’ operating characteristics and driving needs when selecting lanes and adjusting speeds before entering the tunnel. Second, a vehicle lane-changing model was established using the shifted negative exponential distribution model and the constant-speed offset cosine-curve lane-changing model, and a tunnel entrance recognition sight distance calculation model was constructed. Finally, limiting and normal values for the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance were proposed, and recommended minimum radii of crest and sag vertical curves before the tunnel entrance were proposed based on these values to satisfy the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance. The results show that, when drivers decelerate before the tunnel portal, the minimum radius of the crest vertical curve that satisfies the normal value requirement of the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance is larger than the limiting value of the crest vertical curve stipulated in the Specifications for Highway Geometric Design (JTG D20—2017). Similarly, the minimum radius of the sag vertical curve that satisfies the normal value requirement of the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance is larger than the normal value of the minimum radius of the sag vertical curve stipulated in the Specifications for Highway Geometric Design (JTG D20—2017). Therefore, for sections before the entrances of long tunnels, extra-long tunnels, and other tunnels where lane changing is prohibited, the minimum radius of the vertical curve that satisfies the normal value requirement of the tunnel entrance recognition sight distance should be adopted.
国内外学者已针对隧道洞口前路段的几何设计与视距问题开展了相关研究。美国联邦公路局及欧洲学者进行的相关隧道研究均强调,隧道入口前路段的曲线设计应满足停车视距要求[6-7]。美国《A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets》指出,隧道应尽量设在直线路段,以缩短隧道长度并提高运行效率;若位于急弯坡道,应进行停车视距验算以确保行车安全[8]。Bassan[9]根据设计速度、曲线类型和隧道路面特性计算隧道内停车视距,提出保障停车视距的竖曲线半径,结果表明:与普通公路对比,隧道的竖曲线半径减小幅度为35%~71%;Xing等[10]通过驾驶模拟与熵值分析,揭示了隧道出入口环境扰动对车辆控制恢复过程的影响,并指出不同线形下横向与纵向控制存在差异;Yang等[11]通过建立含多隧道的高速公路模型并结合驾驶行为与可靠性分析,指出洞口位置和曲线半径等因素对隧道交通安全的显著影响;黄婷等[12]在针对隧道内紧急停车带的研究中,将隧道路段的识别视距划分为认知距离和行动距离两部分;林晨[13]以中黑合作的南北高速公路隧道工程为例,比较了中欧公路隧道总体设计规范,发现两者都有将停车视距纳入隧道线形设计的考虑;胡登刚[14]通过分析道路竖曲线半径与行驶速度要求的行车视距关系,为受限条件下及非规范设计速度的路段,提供了科学的竖曲线半径选用方法;刘琦等[15]基于运行速度和横净距,提出了曲线隧道视距安全评价方法,并通过实例验证了其有效性;潘兵宏等[16]基于分流区交通流特性,提出了满足换道要求的高速公路互通式立交出口识别视距计算模型,明确了识别视距的构成和范围。
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