1例肉牛魏氏梭菌病和寄生虫病混合感染的诊治
Diagnosis and treatment of a case of mixed infection with Clostridium welchii and parasitic diseases in beef cattle
目的 明确混合感染引发肉牛急性猝死的致病因素,为肉牛养殖中此类混合感染性疾病的防治提供技术支撑。 方法 2021年10月,某地3户养殖户饲养的本地黄牛发生急性猝死事件,对该疫情的发病情况、临床症状进行系统调查,对病死牛进行病理剖检,采集血液样本及肠管病变组织开展实验室检测(包括姬姆萨染色、瑞氏染色、革兰氏染色等),结合牧地环境明确病因,并制定实施针对性综合防控措施。 结果 剖检发现,病死牛小肠中后段及结肠前段肠管极度充血红肿、质地脆弱,肠黏膜有点状或斑状出血,肠腔内充满暗红色或酱油色内容物;实验室检测在肠管病变组织中检出大量符合魏氏梭菌形态特征的革兰氏阳性大杆菌,血液样本中观察到红细胞形态异常,且检测出附红细胞体、梨形虫等病原体,所有发病及存活牛只体表均有蜱虫寄生。结合气温骤降、降雨等环境因素,确诊本次疫情为魏氏梭菌病与寄生虫病(附红细胞体病、梨形虫病)混合感染,叠加冷应激、氢氰酸中毒风险、低镁低钙血症等多种因素诱发的急性猝死综合征。通过实施病死牛无害化处理、寄生虫防控、魏氏梭菌病防控、营养补充及饲养管理优化等综合措施,疫情得到有效控制,1周后无新增死亡病例,1个月后所有牛只均健康存活。 结论 本次肉牛急性猝死是多因素共同作用的结果,寄生虫感染导致牛只体质及免疫力下降,为魏氏梭菌入侵创造了条件,气温骤变等环境因素是重要诱因。加强科学养殖与日常管理,做好寄生虫及常见传染病防控,建立健全疫病防控体系,是预防此类混合感染性疾病的关键。
Objectives The pathogenic factors, diagnostic methods and effective measures for the prevention and control of acute sudden death in beef cattle caused by mixed infection was studied to provide technical support for the prevention and treatment of such mixed infectious diseases in farming beef cattle. Methods An acute sudden death occurred in local cattle raised by 3 farmers in Guiding County, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province in October 2021. A systematic investigation was conducted on the incidence and clinical symptoms of the epidemic. Pathological autopsy was performed on the dead cattle. Samples of blood and intestinal lesions were collected for laboratory testing including Giemsa staining, Wright staining, Gram staining, etc. The causes were identified and comprehensive and targeted measures for prevention and control were developed and implemented based on the pastoral environment. Results The intestines of the middle and posterior small intestine and the anterior colon of the deceased cow were extremely congested, red, swollen, and fragile, with punctate or spotted bleeding in the intestinal mucosa, and the intestinal cavity was filled with dark red or soy sauce colored substance. A large number of Gram-positive macrobacteria conforming to the morphological characteristics of Clostridium welchii were detected in the intestinal lesions. Abnormal morphology of red blood cell was observed in the samples of blood, and pathogens including Eperythrozoon and piriform were detected. All affected and surviving cattle were parasitized by ticks on the surface of their bodies. The epidemic was diagnosed as a mixed infection of Clostridium welchii disease and parasitic diseases (eperythrozoonosis, pirozoosis) based on environmental factors including sudden drops in temperature and rainfall and combined with various factors including cold stress, the risk of hydrocyanic acid poisoning, hypomagnesium, hypocalcemia and other factors leading to acute sudden death syndrome. The epidemic was effectively controlled by the implementation of comprehensive measures including harmless treatment of dead cattle, prevention and control of parasites and Clostridium welchii disease, nutritional supplementation and optimization of feeding management. There were no new deaths one week later. All cattle survived healthily one month later. Conclusions The acute sudden death of beef cattle this time was the result of multiple factors working together. Parasitic infection caused a decline in the physical fitness and immunity of the cattle, creating conditions for the invasion of Clostridium welchii. Environmental factors such as sudden changes in temperature were important inducements. The key to prevent such mixed infectious diseases is to strengthen scientific farming and daily management, do well in the prevention and control of parasites and common infectious diseases, and establish a perfect system of preventing and controlling epidemic.
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