肉鸡铜的营养需求及其在日粮中的应用研究进展

苏双良 ,  全丽萍 ,  刘以林

养殖与饲料 ›› 2026, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (09) : 49 -55.

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养殖与饲料 ›› 2026, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (09) : 49 -55. DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.cn42-1648/s.2026.09.010
饲料营养

肉鸡铜的营养需求及其在日粮中的应用研究进展

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Progress on nutrition requirements of copper in broilers and its application in diets

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摘要

随着现代畜牧行业对绿色、安全及可持续发展的要求提高,微量元素精准添加、减量示范、安全调控等成为重要研究方向。铜作为肉鸡必需的微量元素,参与机体多重生理功能。本文系统综述肉鸡铜的来源、营养需要及在生长促进、肠道稳态、抗氧化、骨骼发育以及环境与安全控制等方面应用进展。肉鸡对铜的营养需要量受品种、生产阶段、饲养环境及生产目标等多种因素影响而存在差异;新型铜源结合酶制剂、植物提取物、益生菌等营养协同策略,可有效平衡生产效益和应用安全性。未来研究应进一步明确不同肉鸡品种的铜需要量标准,优化铜源与剂量组合,开发兼具高效、低残留与环境友好特性的铜营养调控技术,为肉鸡产业的健康可持续发展提供理论支撑。

Abstract

The precise supplementation, demonstration of reduction, and safety regulation of trace elements have become important directions of research with the increasing demands for green, safe and sustainable development in modern animal husbandry. Copper, as an essential trace element for broilers, is involved in multiple physiological functions of the body. This article systematically reviewed the sources, nutritional requirements of copper in broilers, and the progress on applying copper in the growth promotion, gut homeostasis, antioxidant capacity, bone development, and environmental and safety control. The nutritional requirements of copper in broilers vary due to various factors including the breed, the stage of growth, feeding environment, and goals of production. The new source of copper combined with the preparations of enzyme, plant extracts, probiotics and other strategies of nutritional synergy can effectively balance the efficiency of production and the safety of application. Studies in the future should further clarify the requirement standards of copper for different breeds of broilers, optimize the combination of the sources and doses of copper, and develop technologies of regulating copper nutrition that combine high efficacy, low residue, and environment friendly to provide a theoretical basis for the healthy and sustainable development of the broilers industry.

关键词

微量元素 / 铜 / 肉鸡 / 营养需要 / 生长性能 / 免疫 / 肠道稳态

Key words

trace elements / copper / broilers / nutritional requirements / growth performance / immunity / gut homeostasis

引用本文

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苏双良,全丽萍,刘以林. 肉鸡铜的营养需求及其在日粮中的应用研究进展[J]. 养殖与饲料, 2026, 25(09): 49-55 DOI:10.13300/j.cnki.cn42-1648/s.2026.09.010

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铜作为动物机体必需的微量矿物元素之一,参与多种生理过程,包括酶活化、氧化还原反应及免疫功能[1],在畜禽生产中占有重要地位。在集约化肉鸡养殖模式下,铜的额外补充被视为改善生产性能的有效途径;早期研究尤为关注高剂量铜添加所表现出的类抗生素促生长作用,这使其成为配合饲料配方中重要的组成成分。然而,随着畜牧行业对绿色、安全及可持续发展的要求日益提高,传统的高铜添加方案正面临严峻挑战。一方面,铜作为重金属元素,对动物体内的代谢存在剂量效应,过量摄入极易引发机体氧化还原稳态失衡;另一方面,未被机体吸收的过量铜主要经粪便排泄,可能导致土壤重金属累积及水体富营养化,从而对生态环境安全与食物链健康构成潜在风险。
当前,肉鸡铜营养研究领域仍存在显著的不平衡性,现有营养需要量标准多基于白羽肉鸡建立,而针对我国特色黄羽肉鸡等品种不同生长阶段的铜需要量参数仍较为缺乏。此外,在饲料禁抗与环保政策持续推进的大背景下,铜的应用正处于从“高剂量添加”向“精准营养与新型铜源开发”转型的关键时期,而新型铜源的研发旨在通过提升铜的生物利用效率以实现“减量增效”的目标。因此,本文系统综述肉鸡铜的来源、营养需要及功能应用进展,以期为构建肉鸡精准铜营养供给模型、开发高效且环境友好的铜饲料添加剂提供理论支撑与实践指导。

1 日粮中铜的来源

日粮中的微量元素铜主要源自饲料添加剂的补充以及饲料原料本身的固有含量。目前,《饲料添加剂品种目录(2013)》[2]中明确规定,可用于养殖动物微量元素铜补充的饲料添加剂包括氯化铜、硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜、蛋氨酸铜络(螯)合物、赖氨酸铜络(螯)合物、甘氨酸铜络(螯)合物、酵母铜、氨基酸铜络合物(氨基酸来源于水解植物蛋白)、蛋白铜、羟基蛋氨酸类似物络(螯)合铜。此外,农业农村部公告第744号[3]批准的饲料添加剂氨基酸铜络合物(氨基酸为L-赖氨酸和谷氨酸),允许相关产品进口并在我国境内生产、经营与使用。同时,《饲料添加剂安全使用规范》[4]指出,化学制备的微量元素铜中,硫酸铜和碱式氯化铜2种形式适用于养殖动物。其中,硫酸铜在家禽配合饲料或全混合日粮中的推荐添加量为0.4~10.0 mg/kg(以元素计),碱式氯化铜对鸡的推荐添加量为0.3~8.0 mg/kg;单独或同时使用的最高限量为25 mg/kg。

饲料原料本身所含的微量元素铜含量,因饲料原料品种及基础日粮配方的差异而存在显著变化。王丽赛等[5]对我国37种饲料资源中微量元素铜含量的调查显示,平均含量为1.62~30.40 mg/kg,分布规律由高至低依次为植物性蛋白饲料、动物性蛋白饲料、牧草类饲料、秸秆类饲料、谷物籽实加工副产品、矿物质饲料和谷物籽实;基于基础饲粮测算,原料可带入的铜含量为5.07~6.54 mg/kg。武尚杰等[6]对肉种鸡饲料原料中微量元素的普查表明,铜含量在麸皮、豆粕、棉籽粕、石粉、磷酸氢钙中较高,而在糙米、玉米DDGS、玉米蛋白粉、菜籽粕、磷酸二氢钙中较低;小麦的铜含量介于麸皮和糙米之间;玉米胚芽粕和菜籽粕的铜含量最低。通过典型基础日粮测算,铜含量为11.2~35.4 mg/kg。

2 肉鸡铜的营养需要

肉鸡对铜的营养需要量受品种、生产阶段、饲养环境及生产目标等多种因素影响而存在差异。此外,饲粮中其他矿物质元素和维生素等营养成分的含量也会影响肉鸡对铜的需求。

目前,关于肉鸡铜需要量的研究主要集中于白羽肉鸡。美国国家研究委员会(NRC)1994年发布的《家禽的营养需要》[7]中,0~8周龄肉鸡的铜需要量为8 mg/kg;《美国饲料周刊》[8]的推荐量为11 mg/kg。我国农业农村部NY/T 33-2004《鸡饲养标准》中规定,肉用仔鸡全程饲喂铜需要量为8 mg/kg,或0~2周龄为10 mg/kg,后期为8 mg/kg。田佳等[9]研究证实,在爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡22~42日龄饲粮中,当铜含量为7.36 mg/kg时,能够满足其微量元素需要量。张兰等[10]在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中减量添加有机微量元素,当1~21日龄和22~42日龄饲料铜含量分别为6.21、3.16 mg/kg时,未影响肉仔鸡的采食量和增重,且对其生长性能和肌肉品质具有较好的促进作用。而Hu等[11]以肾脏单胺氧化酶活性作为评估肉鸡铜需求量的新型指标时发现,饲喂玉米-豆粕日粮的1~21日龄肉鸡铜需求量为11.30 mg/kg;Zhu等[12]以心脏中单胺氧化酶B、肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶mRNA以及肝脏中铜锌超氧化物歧化酶蛋白表达水平作为评估日粮铜需求量的敏感指标时,饲喂玉米-豆粕日粮的22~42日龄肉鸡铜需求量为14 mg/kg,指标均高于上述推荐的需要量。

针对黄羽肉鸡不同阶段的铜需要量研究相对较少。我国农业农村部颁布的NY/T 3645-2020《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》中规定的铜营养需要量为7 mg/kg。然而,李龙等[13]研究表明,为获得较好的生长性能、免疫器官发育及抗氧化性能,1~21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡的铜需要量为10.80 mg/kg;若以血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性为依据,通过非线性回归分析估测的铜需要量为13.38 mg/kg,高于标准中的推荐值。

3 铜在肉鸡饲料中的功能应用

3.1 生长促进与营养互作

铜对肉鸡生产性能的影响调控已不再仅依赖于高剂量添加,而是转向精准营养与新型铜源的结合。在生长促进方面,合理控制硫酸铜的使用量可以提高肉鸡的体重和采食量[14],125 mg/kg硫酸铜较其他剂量对促进肉鸡生长更有效[15];而高铜日粮(铜含量135~270 mg/kg)虽可通过降低采食量来改善料肉比,但会导致胴体重量下降及半胱氨酸消化率降低等负面效应[16]。相比之下,新型铜源展现出更高的生物利用度。碱式氯化铜对肉鸡肠道黏膜形态和肠道屏障具有促进作用,其在降低肉鸡死亡率和改善欧洲指数方面优于硫酸铜[17];添加碱式氯化铜,日粮中铜含量在15 mg/kg可有效提升肉鸡生长性能[18],同时增加胸肉产量并减少腹部脂肪沉积,从而促进瘦肉组织的积累[19]。添加纳米铜可增强脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,从而显著提高肉鸡体重、增重和饲料转化率[20]。利用10 mg/kg纳米铜替代硫酸铜用于肉鸡日粮,在体重和增重方面发挥积极效应,且饲料消耗降低,饲料报酬和欧洲指数显著改善[21];日粮铜含量为100 mg/kg时,柠檬酸铜较硫酸铜对肉鸡生产性能的提高更具优势[22];日粮中补充蛋氨酸铜(铜浓度高达30 mg/kg)能显著提高肉鸡的饲料利用率[23]。另有研究[24]显示,载铜蒙脱石作为新型添加剂也可用于肉鸡饲料中,有效促进肉鸡生长;日粮中单独或复合添加螯合态微量元素(锌、铜和锰),均能提升肉鸡的生长性能和胴体产量,表现出显著优势[25]。

在营养互作方面,植酸酶的使用是一种主要策略。研究[26]表明,添加1 200 U/kg植酸酶,即使将日粮铜含量降低至标准量的50%甚至完全去除,也不会影响肉鸡的生产性能,但可显著提高铜和锌的表观利用率,大幅减少粪便中微量元素的排泄,从而兼顾生产效益与环境可持续性。添加2 500 U/kg植酸酶,在日粮铜含量为8.0~16.5 mg/kg时,可改善肉鸡体重和饲料报酬[27]。此外,有研究[28]显示,硫酸铜与蛋白酶联合使用,能改善机体对蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率,提高饲料转化率和骨骼强度,有益于肉鸡的生产性能和健康;蛋氨酸铜络合物结合200 mg/kg合生元,可显著提高肉鸡生产性能和肉品质[29]。

3.2 肠道稳态与免疫调控

铜在肠道微生态与免疫调节中具有双重作用,且可发挥抗球虫作用。

在微生物菌群调控方面,添加150 mg/kg铜(源自氧化亚铜)可调节回肠微生物结构,具体表现为链球菌科和棒状杆菌科的丰度显著降低,而共生细菌(如梭菌科和消化链球菌科)的丰度显著增加,从而维持肠道稳态[30];以250 mg/kg硫酸铜[31]或187.5 mg/kg碱式氯化铜[32]形式补充膳食铜,可提高肉鸡回肠黏膜相关细菌群落的相似性系数;使用10~20 mg/kg纳米铜能显著提升总细菌计数和乳酸菌数量,同时显著降低总酵母菌与霉菌计数、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌及大肠菌群数量[20];姜黄素与醋酸铜结合使用,可减少鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的肠道定植并维持更优的肠道稳态[33]。

在抗应激与免疫调节方面,铜展现出显著的抗球虫与抑菌潜力。低剂量羟基蛋氨酸类似物螯合铜可改善接种球虫疫苗或感染球虫的肉鸡的肠道微生物群和肠道形态指标[34];补充50 mg/kg铜-碳纳米复合物可提升血清白细胞介素-10的水平,且不会引起额外的环境污染或组织残留[35],改善肠道黏膜功能,维持肠道稳态[36];补充100 mg/kg铜的安全剂量可减少球虫卵囊的排出[37];补充150 mg/kg铜能显著降低球虫攻毒肉鸡小肠前段(十二指肠)的损伤程度[38];通过补充112.5~150.0 mg/kg饲料的铜(以丙酸铜为来源)可在不带来明显铜毒性风险的前提下缓解热应激的负面影响[39]。另有研究[40]发现,甘氨酸铜螯合物对肉鸡的细胞免疫和体液免疫机制具有刺激作用,能上调免疫调节性血清淀粉样蛋白A、α-1-酸性糖蛋白及前列腺素类物质的合成;纳米铜饮水较硫酸铜更能有效改善血液指标、提高淋巴器官的脏器指数,从而增强肉鸡免疫力[41];添加壳聚糖-铜纳米复合物,不仅能促进禽畜生长发育,还能增强机体抗病能力,并发挥持久抗菌作用[42]。

3.3 抗氧化与毒性缓解

铜作为多种抗氧化酶的关键辅因子在动物生理过程中发挥重要作用,然而过量摄入会引发显著的氧化应激,动物机体对此存在动态的分子适应机制。

在生理剂量范围内,适量补充铜(20 mg/kg)可有效降低肉鸡血清胆固醇水平,并增强其免疫及抗氧化功能[43]。铜与维生素A在调控血清抗氧化酶活性方面表现出显著的交互效应[44]。研究[45]显示,以甘氨酸螯合铜形式提供占总矿物质需求量25%的铜,即可提升肉鸡大腿肌肉的抗氧化稳定性;添加0.1 g/kg山药多糖-铜复合物,可上调肉鸡肝脏中抗氧化相关基因的mRNA表达水平,进而提高血清免疫功能与总抗氧化能力[46]。

然而,当面临高铜(550 mg/kg)挑战时,动物机体会启动防御响应,通过代偿性上调肝脏中线粒体型硫氧还蛋白2的活性,以抵御由此产生的氧化损伤[47]。铜的过量蓄积会导致多器官损伤:不仅可引起肾脏氧化损伤并激活Nrf2信号通路[48],还会干扰肉鸡肾脏中的脂质合成与分解代谢,并激活脂噬过程[49]。高铜可诱导心肌细胞发生线粒体自噬、氧化损伤及内质网应激[50-51],引发肉鸡肌胃和腺胃的自噬与凋亡[52],也可导致鸡肝细胞氧化应激与线粒体未折叠蛋白反应,进而造成肝组织病理损伤[53]。为应对高铜摄入带来的毒理风险,研究[54]表明多种干预策略具有一定缓解作用:补充维生素C与维生素E有助于减轻硫酸铜对肉鸡生长性能及肝脏组织结构的不利影响;肉桂提取物与益生菌联用可通过调节氧化应激、炎症反应及细胞凋亡途径,缓解铜诱导的肉鸡肾毒性[55];硒酵母则通过激活抗氧化分子并减轻炎症应激,成为缓解铜所致肝肾损伤的潜在饲料添加剂[56]。

3.4 骨骼发育的影响

铜在骨形成与矿化过程中发挥关键作用,并作为多种酶的必需辅因子,对骨骼系统的正常发育至关重要。唐玲等[57]研究证实,在0~6周肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加铜0~250 mg/kg,能有效预防腿病的发生;在铜限制性日粮中补充铜,可显著促进软骨发育,而植酸酶的添加则能进一步强化该效应[58];铜含量上升到200 mg/kg,硫酸铜、氯化亚铜以及丙酸铜源均未对肉鸡骨骼形态计量学及矿化参数产生负面影响,仅导致胫骨锌含量降低[59]。有研究[60]发现,在肉鸡日粮中添加蛋白铜,肉鸡血清中钙和磷水平较高,机体抵抗力增强,且骨组织矿化程度改善,可由此降低配合饲料中微量元素铜的添加量,从而减轻机体负担。与零补充或混合添加硫酸铜与碱式氯化铜(1∶1)的日粮相比,碱式氯化铜组(铜16 mg/kg)肉鸡骨组织内的铜蓄积量最高[61];与无机微量元素来源相比,以复合形式添加微量元素矿物质在胫骨强度方面具有更优的效果,且低剂量应用无显著降低[62]。

3.5 环境与安全控制

高铜日粮的应用可导致铜在动物组织中的残留,不仅对食品安全构成威胁,还可能促进细菌多重耐药基因的选择性富集,同时通过增加粪便中的铜排泄量对环境造成污染。因此,开展新型铜源的生产开发及其应用价值凸显。

研究[63]表明,在肉鸡日粮中以需求水平(铜16 mg/kg)补充热熔挤出技术加工处理的硫酸铜,对肉鸡的生长性能及铜的生理功能未产生显著影响,但能够改善肉品质并提高铜的生物利用度。与常规硫酸铜相比,饲喂热熔挤出技术加工处理的纳米硫酸铜可显著提升肉鸡15~35日龄血清中的铜含量,同时降低排泄物中的铜含量[64]。此外,欧盟动物饲料添加剂和产品研究小组确认,乙二胺铜螯合物对育肥鸡、蛋鸡及种鸡具有安全性[65];使用碱式氯化铜对皮肤、眼睛和呼吸系统具有刺激性,应被视为潜在的皮肤和呼吸道致敏物,使用时需采取相应防护措施[66];而羟基蛋氨酸铜、赖氨酸铜以及赖氨酸铜硫酸盐在最大使用剂量(以铜含量计)25 mg/kg下,对靶动物、消费者及环境均表现出良好的安全性[67-69]。研究[70]发现,与添加高浓度无机矿物质源的日粮相比,在肉鸡日粮中添加30 mg/kg的羟基蛋氨酸锌、铜、锰混合物能有效维持垫料质量与禽只福利,同时降低锰、锌和/或铜的排泄量,从而减轻肉鸡生产对环境的影响。

4 结语与展望

铜在肉鸡营养中具有两面性。适量补充铜可作为抗氧化酶辅因子、维持肠道稳态及骨骼发育,显著提升免疫与生长性能;过量铜蓄积则诱导多器官损伤、线粒体自噬及肠道菌群紊乱,并引发生态环境风险。肉鸡微量元素铜的选择和使用,应遵循“精准适量、源头减排、种源替代”的原则,不同来源或工艺的新型铜源结合精准营养策略,可有效平衡生产效益与安全性。

未来研究应聚焦以下三个方向:一是填补黄羽肉鸡等本土品种的阶段铜需要量空白,建立差异化标准;二是解析铜-肠道微生态-免疫的互作机制,开发低毒高效配伍方案,在保障肠道健康与生产性能的同时,协同增效;三是加速环境友好型铜制剂工艺优化,确保安全标准,推动畜牧业绿色转型。

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