College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2023-06-28
2024-09-20
Issue Date
2025-03-21
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摘要
为了预测下封头内双层熔池的流动和传热过程,基于不同湍流模型,同时采用凝固熔化模型对堆芯熔池研究装置(corium pool research apparatus,COPRA)双层熔池实验进行计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,通过数值计算获得准稳态下熔池的温度、沿壁面的热流密度与内壁面壳层的分布,将模拟结果与实验值进行比较,评价不同湍流模型的适用性和准确性,并进行湍流模型优选。结果表明,壁面模化大涡模拟(WMLES)湍流模型对下封头内双层熔融池流动与传热模拟的准确性和适用性最好;基于WMLES湍流模型,氧化层温度随着熔池高度增大而增大,氧化层上部存在强烈的湍流,在熔池底部的壳层最厚。
Abstract
In order to predict the flow and heat transfer process of a double-layer molten pool at the lower head, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation of a corium pool research apparatus (COPRA) double-layer molten pool experiment has been carried out for different turbulence models by adopting the solidification melting model. Through numerical calculation, the quasi-steady state temperature of the molten pool, the heat flux along the wall and the distribution of the crust were obtained. The simulation results were compared with the experimental values to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of different turbulence models, and the turbulence model was optimized. The results show that the wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) turbulence model has the best accuracy and applicability for the simulation of the flow and heat transfer in the double-layer molten pool at the lower head. The WMLES turbulence model shows that the temperature of the oxide layer increases with the increase of the height of the molten pool. Intense turbulence is observed in the upper region of the oxide layer, and the thickest shell forms at the bottom of the molten pool.
国内外研究者们开展了多种实验来模拟研究压力容器下封头内熔池的自然对流换热行为,如COPO系列实验[1-2]、BALI实验[3]、LIVE实验[4]以及COPRA实验[5-7]。Zhang等[5-7]采用1/4圆形切片,按1∶1的比例还原反应堆压力容器下封头,模拟了下封头内熔融物的高瑞利数自然对流行为。Wei等[8]基于堆芯熔池研究装置(corium pool research apparatus,COPRA)水实验,对不同湍流模型下熔池内自然对流传热特性的变化规律进行数值模拟,并提出将全浮力效应引入到相关的湍流模型中,以更好地模拟自然对流现象。Zhang等[9]采用壁面模化大涡模拟(WMLES)湍流模型,对BALI、LIVE和COPRA实验进行数值模拟,获得了与实验相吻合的结果,表明WMLES湍流模型能够较好地描述高瑞利数下的自然对流传热行为。由于反应堆中轻金属与氧化物并不相溶,金属层会浮于氧化层之上形成双层熔池结构。Zhang等[10]利用大涡模拟方法对HPR1000反应堆的单层和双层结构进行了研究,发现双层结构下的壁面熔化比单层结构更为严重。基于COPRA装置,Zhou等[11]利用10 mm厚的不锈钢板将熔池隔开,研究分层效应对熔池传热特性的影响,以更好地了解双层熔池内的传热规律,然而由于两层采用了同一种模拟材料,不能真实地反映反应堆内的流动情况,故主要侧重于对不同因素的定性研究。目前采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟的研究大多针对单层COPRA实验,关于双层COPRA实验的仿真研究较少,因此本文通过数值模拟方法对双层COPRA实验中熔池的流动传热行为进行预测,并基于实验数据对采用的湍流模型进行评价。
1 数学模型
CFD是运用计算机技术研究复杂流动的一种方法,本文将采用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,分析COPRA双层堆芯池自然对流换热实验。基于先前的模拟[8],湍流模型的选择对有内热源熔池的自然对流行为具有显著影响。RANS湍流模型在很多研究中得到了广泛应用,因此本文选用RNG k⁃ε模型、Realizable k⁃ε模型、SST k⁃ω模型3种雷诺时均Navier-Stokes(Reynolds average Navier-Stokes, RANS)湍流模型,同时选用尺度自适应模拟(scale adaptive simulation,SAS)模型与WMLES模型进行数值模拟。
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