In order to improve the poor adaptability of the traditional equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), and to further enhance the fuel economy of hybrid energy storage systems, an adaptive energy management strategy considering the prediction of the state of charge (SoC) of Li-ion battery is proposed. Firstly, based on the domestic tram lines and traveling data, a Markov chain is used to construct the typical driving conditions of streetcars under semi-independent right-of-way. Secondly, the SoC of lithium battery is predicted by adaptive Kalman filtering method, the charging and discharging process of lithium battery is optimized, the reliability of lithium battery is enhanced, and the minimum equivalent energy consumption of hybrid energy storage system is taken as the optimization target, meanwhile, the equivalent factor of traditional ECMS is optimized by combining with particle swarm algorithm, so as to realize the reasonable and effective distribution of load power between fuel cells and lithium batteries. Finally, a comparative analysis is carried out in the typical working conditions of the constructed tram under semi-independent right-of-way. The results show that, compared with the fixed-threshold strategy, the proposed strategy reduces hydrogen consumption by 0.63 kg and fuel cell peak current by 57.2 A. Compared with the state machine strategy, the proposed strategy reduces hydrogen consumption by 1.21 kg and fuel cell peak current by 24.6 A, and the fluctuation ranges of bus voltage and Li-ion battery SoC are both improved.
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