3.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Chonqqing University,Chongqing 400030,China
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Published
2023-10-18
2025-07-01
Issue Date
2025-10-30
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摘要
以一台1.5 T VVT缸内直喷氢内燃机为原型机搭建一维GT-POWER模型,研究进排气门正时变化对发动机的换气过程、动力性及经济性的影响。发动机转速为2 700 r/min,外特性工况时保持氢气量一致,采用稀薄燃烧模式,进气门正时提前、排气门正时推迟策略可使进气质量流量增大,有效热效率由40.8%提高到41.07%,有效燃气消耗率下降。发动机转速为5 500 r/min,外特性工况时保持过量空气系数一致,进排气门同时推迟策略可使缸内气体质量增多,泵气损失降低,功率提高12.7%,有效燃气消耗率小幅降低。其中,排气门正时变化对直喷氢内燃机动力性及经济性的影响较进气门更为显著。
Abstract
A one-dimensional GT-POWER model was built with a 1.5 T VVT in-cylinder direct-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine, and the effects of inlet and exhaust valve timing changes on the engine's air exchange process, power performance and economy were studied. When the engine speed is 2 700 r/min, the lean combustion strategy is adopted to keep the pulse width of hydrogen injection consistent under the full-load condition, and the inlet valve timing is advanced and the exhaust valve timing is delayed, the intake mass flow rate is increased, the effective thermal efficiency is increased from 40.8% to 41.07%, and the effective gas consumption is decreased. The engine speed is 5 500 r/min, the excess air coefficient is the same under the full-load condition, the inlet and exhaust valve delay strategy can increase the gas mass in the cylinder, reduce the pump gas loss, increase the power by 12.7% and slightly reduce the break specific gas consumption. The influence of exhaust valve timing on the power performance and economy of in-cylinder direct-injection hydrogen combustion engine is more significant than that of intake valve.
作为发动机的重要子系统之一,配气机构负责根据发动机的点火顺序和实际工作循环在合理时刻开闭进排气门,以保证较高充气效率的同时尽可能多地排出废气。充气效率与发动机性能紧密相关,进气过程实际进入缸内新鲜充量的多少直接影响充气效率,进而决定了发动机动力性能的优劣[3]。可变气门正时技术是指在不改变气门升程曲线的前提下,通过改变凸轮轴的装配相对位置,对气门升程曲线进行整体前移或推迟以改变进排气门开启和关闭正时,其气门驱动机构足够灵活,使发动机可以在多种工况下具有合理的配气相位,从而获得更好的燃油经济性、更佳的动力性和更低的排放。Ji等[4]采用一台1.5 L VVT四缸直喷氢发动机研究了进排气门正时对换气过程、充气特性、燃烧及排放性能的影响。在1 400 r/min小负荷工况下采用过量空气系数1.8及氢气晚喷策略,提前进气门正时将减小空气质量流量及氢气体积流量,容积效率降低;进气门关闭时刻及排气门开启时刻对NO x 排放有重要影响。Xin等[5]研究了可变气门正时对富氢氨发动机性能的影响。在1.5 L VVT直喷氢发动机上保持1 500 r/min、60%节气门开度,当量燃烧氨体积份额占比70%。试验发现,进气门正时提前5 °CA时,COVPmax迅速由6%增至25%,燃烧稳定性变差,有效热效率由32.8%降至30%;推迟排气门正时可使缸内平均指示压力(IMEP)和平均有效压力(BMEP)分别提高8%和16%。Luo等[6]研究了米勒循环对涡轮增压氢内燃机性能的影响。他们比较采用稀燃的奥托循环、当量燃烧+EGR+奥托循环和米勒循环3种方案对涡轮增压氢发动机性能的影响。结果表明,在2 800 r/min转速下,米勒循环的功率更高、燃料消耗率(BSFC)最低,但随着转速的提高经济性有所下降。他们提出,在发动机低转速、低NO x 排放工况下采用涡轮增压米勒循环是提高功率密度及控制NO x 排放的最佳方式。Wang等[7]提出了包括米勒循环气门正时、氢体积分数和EGR率在内的爆震调节、燃烧和排放控制多参数协同优化方法。研究结果表明,进气门晚关20 °CA时在爆震极限内表现出更好的燃烧性能,同时NO排放量略有增加。与原机相比,结合进气门晚关20 °CA、加氢5%和17%的EGR可使指示热效率提高1.89%,在爆震极限内减少11.47%的NO排放。Hong等[8]通过合理优化运行参数提出了适用于直喷氢发动机的两种渐进式爆震抑制策略,使直喷氢发动机在大节气门开度和多种稀燃条件下实现无爆震燃烧。过量空气系数提高、推迟喷氢时刻可缩短氢气射流的扩散时间,提高混合物的非均质性;提前进气门正时通过降低压缩冲程末段缸内温度、提高残余废气系数,减弱缸内热氛围对混合气自燃的积极影响。Tavakoli等[9]采用有限体积法分析了一台四冲程12缸米勒循环增压天然气发动机的性能和排放特性。应用米勒循环后,与原气门正时对比,进气门关闭正时提前30 °CA时NO x 等污染物排放降低了一半;米勒循环导致压缩比的降低有助于缸内最大燃烧压力降低近15%。Shu等[10]基于一台柴油机改装的天然气发动机分析了不同转速耦合不同负荷下进气门关闭时刻对发动机缸内流动、燃烧和排放性能的影响。Patychuk等[11]研究了米勒循环气门正时对重型直喷天然气发动机排放特性的影响。结果表明,当负荷低于50%时,提前进气门正时可减少70%的NO x 排放。
如上所述,优化发动机气门正时可以有效改善发动机的换气过程,提升动力性、降低油耗率。目前,针对缸内直喷氢燃料内燃机气门正时的研究成果及文献较少,因此采用传统汽柴油机可变气门正时研究结果分析缸内直喷氢燃料内燃机气门正时变化带来的影响显然不甚合适。此外,由于氢气不同于汽柴油的特殊理化性质,气门正时对缸内直喷氢燃料内燃机的影响也应不同于传统发动机。与汽油相比,氢气的理论空燃比较高,同等升功率下需要更多的新鲜空气混合得以完全燃烧释放能量,进而影响涡轮增压能力;氢气的辛烷值较高,采用比汽油机更高的压缩比来提高有效热效率所带来的爆震问题则需要大量空气参与抑制;受到愈加严格排放法规限制,直喷氢内燃机需要采用较大的过量空气系数来控制NO x 排放。因此,传统汽油机的配气控制策略已难以准确评判缸内直喷氢燃料内燃机较大的空气需求,需要重新研究适用于直喷氢内燃机配气策略。
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