Based on the experimental results of interfacial temperature and sonotrode displacement, the finite element method was employed to investigate the friction and material softening process in pure copper ultrasonic welding, and the distribution of the temperature fields and plastic strain during the welding process were also analyzed. The results show that the established model can better simulate the dynamic friction coefficient and ultrasonic softening variation processes during welding. The average friction coefficient of the workpiece contact surface increased rapidly in the early stages of welding, and then decreased sharply, and presented smooth fluctuations after welding time of 0.2 s. The ultrasonic softening coefficlent of copper increased sharply in the early stages of welding, then slowly increased, and began to increase significantly when the welding time was 0.3 s. Ultrasonic softening is the main physical mechanism of materials plastic deformation.
MaQ C, MaJ Y, ZhouJ L, et al. Abnormal dislocation substructure in the ultrasonically welded joints of Cu single crystals[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2022, 27(8): 606-614.
LiuYa-jun, TangYong, WanZhen-ping, et al. Ultrasonic seam welding of copper plates and tubes for collecting solar energy[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2003, 31(1): 48-50.
LiHuan, ZhouKang, CaoBiao, et al. Analysis of welding interface and joint properties of high power ultrasonic welding of aluminum alloy[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(6): 87-95.
GuXiao-yan, LiuDong-feng, LiuJing, et al. Effect of welding energy on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/Al joints welded by ultrasonic welding[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2019, 49(5): 1600-1607.
GuXiao-yan, SuiCheng-long, DiXing, et al. Effect of welding energy on performance of Cu/Ti joints obtained by ultrasonic welding[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2020, 50(5): 1669-1676.
[10]
MaQ C, MaJ Y, ZhouJ L, et al. Intrinsic dependence of welding quality and recrystallization on the surface-contacted micro-asperity scale during ultrasonic welding of Cu-Cu joints[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 17(3/4): 353-364.
[11]
NiZ L, WangX X, LiS, et al. Mechanical strength enhancement of ultrasonic metal welded Cu/Cu joint by Cu nanoparticles interlayer[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2019, 38(12): 88-92.
[12]
ShenN, SamantaA, CaiW W, et al. 3D finite element model of dynamic material behaviors for multilayer ultrasonic metal welding[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2021, 62(2): 302-312.
[13]
MaZ N, ZhangY S. Characterization of multilayer ultrasonic welding based on the online monitoring of sonotrode displacement[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2020, 54(6): 138-147.
[14]
SangaB, WattalR, NageshD S. An FEA based study of thermal behaviour of ultrasonically welded phosphor bronze sheets[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 2021, 15(2): 8057-8071.
[15]
ChengX, LiX. Investigation of heat generation in ultrasonic metal welding using micro sensor arrays[J]. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2007, 17(2): 273-282.
[16]
ElangovanS. Experimental and theoretical investigations on temperature distribution at the joint interface for copper joints using ultrasonic welding[J]. Manufacturing Review, 2014, 1(10): 13-26.
[17]
SiddiqA, GhassemiehE. Thermomechanical analyses of ultrasonic welding process using thermal and acoustic softening effects[J]. Mechanics of Materials, 2008, 40(12): 982-1000.
[18]
NgoT T, HuangJ H, WangC C. The BFGS method for estimating the interface temperature and convection coefficient in ultrasonic welding[J]. International Communications in Heat & Mass Transfer, 2015, 69(15): 66-75.
[19]
LiH, CaoB, YangJ W, et al. Modeling of resistance heat assisted ultrasonic welding of Cu-Al joint[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 256(6): 121-130.
[20]
AndradeU, MeyersM A, VecchioK S, et al. Dynamic recrystallization in high-strain, high-strain-rate plastic deformation of copper[J]. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994, 42(9): 3183-3195.
[21]
WenH, ZhaoY, ToppingT D, et al. Influence of pressing temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained Cu processed by equal-channel angular pressing[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2012, 14(3): 185-194.
[22]
LiH, CaoB. Effects of welding pressure on high-power ultrasonic spot welding of Cu/Al dissimilar metals[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2019, 46(10): 194-203.
[23]
LiH, ZhangC X, DengY H, et al. Interfacial reactions and joint performances of high-power ultrasonic welding of aluminum to steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26(9/10): 328-343.
[24]
SiddiqA, ElsayedT. Acoustic softening in metals during ultrasonic assisted deformation via CP-FEM[J]. Materials Letters, 2011, 65(2): 356-359.
[25]
KellyG S, AdvaniS G, GillespieJ W, et al. A model to characterize acoustic softening during ultrasonic consolidation[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2013, 213(11): 1835-1845.