To address the issue of high computational complexity and excessive time consumption of intelligent vehicle trajectory planning in three-dimensional space (X-Y-T), this paper proposes a dual-layer, three-stage trajectory planning method based on adaptive sampling. By using the Frenet coordinate system, the three-dimensional trajectory planning problem is decomposed into two two-dimensional optimization problems: path planning and speed planning. Firstly, in terms of path planning, an adaptive sampling method based on artificial potential fields is introduced to reduce the number of path planning space sampling points. Dynamic programming is used to calculate the path curve that connects each sampling point with the lowest comprehensive cost, and a quadratic programming problem is constructed to further optimize this path to obtain the final planned path. Secondly,in terms of speed planning, the adaptive sampling area for speed planning space is determined according to kinematic constraints. The dynamic programming method is used to calculate the speed curve that connects each sampling point with the lowest comprehensive cost, and a quadratic programming problem is constructed based on this curve to obtain the final speed planning result. Finally, a trajectory tracking error model is constructed, and lateral and longitudinal controllers are designed to verify the trackability of the planned trajectory. Simulation results show that the proposed method in this paper can reduce the planning time to about 0.1 seconds per planning cycle, providing a planned trajectory with a frequency of 10 Hz for intelligent vehicles, achieving coordination between planning and control.
自适应采样已经排除了障碍物所占区域,但车辆与障碍物间应保证足够的安全冗余空间,因此在安全代价中定义了安全冗余距离dsafe。当车辆位于(si, li ),且(si, li )与障碍物距离大于dsafe时,障碍物对采样点不构成安全威胁;当(si, li )与障碍物距离小于dsafe时,构成安全威胁代价。定义安全性代价Jsafe如下:
为了更好地验证规划轨迹在控制执行层的实际跟踪效果,首先在车辆二自由度动力学模型基础上构建了轨迹跟踪误差模型,然后分别设计考虑前馈的线性二次型(Linear quadratic regulator,LQR)横向控制器和考虑位置、速度误差的双比例-积分-微分(Proportional integral derivative,PID)纵向控制器。
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