To explore the cracking characteristics of asphalt concrete, a finite element software ABAQUS was employed to simulate the semi-circular bend (SCB) test of asphalt concrete using a bilinear cohesive zone model (CZM). The simulated load-load line displacement curve was compared with the experimental result to validate the applicability of the CZM in cracking analysis. Based on this, the internal stress distribution, system energy balance, fracture behavior parameters during the cracking process of the SCB specimen, and the effects of cohesive zone model parameters on the load-load line displacement of the specimen were analyzed. The results indicate that the bilinear CZM has good applicability in cracking analysis of asphalt concrete. During the loading process, the SCB specimen undergoes elastic, damage, and fracture stages. The point of instability of crack propagation does not correspond to the peak load, leading to an overestimation of fracture toughness when calculated using the peak load; a portion of the fracture work converts into elastic strain energy in the uncracked region of the specimen, resulting in an overestimation of fracture energy when calculated using fracture work. The peak load that the SCB specimen can withstand during the cracking process mainly depends on the tensile strength of asphalt concrete rather than fracture energy.
沥青混凝土的低温抗裂性能是影响冬季低温地区沥青路面开裂的重要因素。在设计沥青混合料时,常用的低温抗裂性能评价方法有间接拉伸试验、低温弯曲试验、半圆弯曲试验(Semi-circular bend test,SCB)和圆盘拉伸试验等。各种试验方法要求的仪器设备、试件形式、测试条件以及测试指标有所不同,Wagoner等[1,2]、Radeef等[3]、Meng等[4]比较了各种试验方法评价沥青混凝土抗裂性能的优缺点。在这些低温抗裂性能评价试验中,SCB试验试件可来源于实验室或实地取芯,易于制作且测试简单,能够获得最大载荷、断裂韧度和断裂能等表征抗裂性能的直观指标,已广泛应用于沥青混凝土抗裂性能的研究。
在材料的开裂模型中,黏聚区模型(Cohesive zone model,CZM)可以显式表征材料从损伤到开裂的全过程,近年来被广泛应用于材料开裂问题研究。Liu等[20]、Al-Qudsi等[21]采用CZM模拟SCB试验,通过与试验得到的荷载-位移曲线进行对比验证了CZM及其参数。除了模拟SCB试验之外,CZM还常用于分析沥青混凝土其他断裂性能评价试验以及路面开裂问题。张东等[22]采用双线形CZM模拟沥青混凝土劈裂试验。赵永利等[23]和钮凯健等[24]将CZM引入二维沥青路面模型中研究路面的低温缩裂机理。Song等[25]引入CZM对沥青混凝土单边缺口梁的开裂过程进行了模拟。Kim等[26]通过间接拉伸试验和圆盘紧凑拉伸试验获得沥青混凝土的断裂性能参数,结合有限元方法,采用双线形CZM模拟了道面结构的低温开裂。Dave等[27]、Ban等[28]、Rith等[29]应用CZM分析了温度变化引起的沥青加铺层反射裂缝。Mu等[30]应用CZM模拟了水泥路面上加铺沥青层时的界面脱粘现象。Kim等[31]还通过编制用户子程序,在ABAQUS中实现了速率相关的黏聚区模型。总之,CZM已被大量研究证实是模拟沥青混凝土试件及路面开裂问题的有效手段,SCB试验有必要结合CZM模拟,从而对沥青混凝土的开裂特性开展深入分析。
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