In shipbuilding, the laser-welding heat source is intrinsically narrow and deep; while this favors penetration depth and travel speed, it also promotes localized heat accumulation and residual-stress concentration. Focusing on AH36 high-strength steel, this study employs finite-element simulation to characterize the melt-pool geometry in laser welding. Ten moving-heat-source patterns are selected and defined; the cross-sectional shapes at steady-state welding are extracted for each model and compared with the actual melt-pool profile observed in laser welds, allowing the optimum heat-source model for butt-joint laser welding to be identified. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical coupling simulations are performed to predict the welding distortion and residual-stress distribution in laser-welded butt plates, and the predictions are validated against experimental measurements. Good agreement is achieved in both magnitude and trend, providing a reliable theoretical basis for subsequent optimization of laser-welding procedures and fatigue assessment of laser-welded structures.
相较于传统焊接技术[1],激光焊接的能量密度大,加热和冷却速度快致使热影响区和变形小[2],因此广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、电子和军工等多个行业。AH36作为一种高强度结构钢,是美国船级社(American burean of shipping, ABS)规范中一款常见的船用钢。由于其优秀的力学性能、韧性及抗腐蚀性能,在船舶的舱口角隅、舱壁、甲板结构、主要骨材得到广泛应用。
随着计算机技术的快速发展和有限元方法(Finite element method, FEM)在焊接分析中的应用,部分试验分析方法逐渐被数值方法所取代。热源形状通常与焊缝处的剖面形状密切相关,为了使数值分析的结果更加精确,因此衍生出一系列的热源模型公式。Pavelic等[6]提出了高斯(Gaussian)热源模型,其温度分布在剖面上以高斯分布的形式从热源中心向周围逐渐降低,能够对热源附近的温度场进行预测。考虑到激光的能量在焊接穿透过程中会发生衰减,清华大学的吴甦等[7]提出了高斯旋转体热源模型。Goldak等[8]提出了双椭球热源模型,将模型拆分为前后两个不同的1/4椭球。除此之外,还有诸多组合热源,有些热源已经被证实可以用于非熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊(Tungsten inert gas, TIG)、熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊(Metal active gas, MAG)等的分析[9,10]。与电弧焊接相比,激光焊接的热源狭窄且深长,在提高焊接穿透力和焊接率的同时更容易造成热量聚集和残余应力集中,因此对于激光热源的准确模拟至关重要。
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